Connect your Claude / AI to 2,500+ algorithms, data structures and systems
mhtirogla is an MCP server (remote at https://mhtirogla.ai/mcp, or local with mhtirogla mcp) that your AI calls
while it designs and builds. Every page opens with a one-minute overview (the problem, how it works) and goes
on to the deep dive: code, complexity, pitfalls, efficiency and the libraries that implement it.
586 deep dives1,986 building blocks30 domains
you build an API gateway with a global rate limit ai search("api gateway rate limit") system api-gateway system global-rate-limiter block distributed-rate-limiting ai system_graph("api-gateway") → every part it is built from ai get_entry("distributed-rate-limiting") → overview, code, pitfalls, libraries
§ 0 How it works
- Connect.
claude mcp add --transport http mhtirogla https://mhtirogla.ai/mcp, or the same URL in any MCP client. No key or account needed: the MCP is open to everyone for now. - Say what you want to build. "A news harvester for every RSS feed", "a chess engine", "an inference server for an open model". Your AI finds the matching systems and the parts each one needs.
- Spec, then code. Your AI asks the design questions that change the design, writes a spec with decisions and budgets, and builds it in small tested steps, citing the pages it used.
Example call
search{query: "rate limiter for an API"} returns
system global-rate-limiter
system api-gateway
block distributed-rate-limiting Enforce one rate limit across N servers: a central atomic counter,
a limit split per node, or batched token leases…
and get_entry{slug: "distributed-rate-limiting", part: "overview"} returns the page's overview.
Browse by domain
Distributed and cloud
Systems and languages
Media and graphics
Science and simulation
§ 1 AI and ML
Machine learning
55 of 103 writtenModel building blocks, data, classical ML, reinforcement learning and evaluation.
Foundations
Classical ML
Linear and logistic regression · Gradient-boosted decision trees (GBDT) · Isolation forest · PCA and SVD · k-means clustering · Feature hashing (the hashing trick) · Generalized linear models (GLMs) · Naive Bayes classifier · Density-based clustering (DBSCAN) · gaussian processes · quantile regression · ftrl online learning · weight of evidence binning · belief propagation
Language processing
Text normalization · Named entity recognition · Text classification · Language identification · Entity linking · Template-based text generation · Intent classification and slot filling · Dialogue state tracking · relation extraction · ngram language model · back translation
Data
Near-duplicate detection with MinHash LSH · Byte-pair encoding (BPE) tokenization · Data augmentation · Negative sampling · Feature store · Data loading pipelines · active learning · symmetry data augmentation
Evaluation
Evaluation metrics · Calibration · LLM-as-judge · loglikelihood scoring · pass at k · shapley values treeshap · distribution drift detection · benchmark contamination detection · fairness metrics
Modern layers
Embeddings · Attention variants · Mixture of experts (MoE) · Rotary position embedding (RoPE) · recurrent networks · graph neural networks · knowledge graph embeddings · matryoshka embeddings · se3 equivariant networks
Vision models
Non-maximum suppression · Object detection · Multi-object tracking · facial landmark alignment · image segmentation · face embeddings · liveness detection · biometric template matching · point cloud processing · image forensics · trajectory prediction · bev perception
Document understanding
Document image preprocessing · Optical character recognition (text recognition) · Text chunking · PDF text extraction · HTML main-text extraction · layout analysis · table structure recognition
Speech
Connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss · Voice activity detection · RNN transducer (RNN-T) · speaker embeddings · grapheme to phoneme · speaker diarization · neural vocoders · forced alignment · end of turn detection · chunked streaming attention · wake word detection
Recommendation & ranking
Learning to rank · Two-tower retrieval · Matrix factorization for collaborative filtering · Deep ranking models for recommendation · Click-probability prediction (CTR models) · spaced repetition · knowledge tracing
Reinforcement learning
Multi-armed bandits · Policy gradient and PPO · AlphaZero self-play · Q-learning and DQN · imitation learning · action chunking · domain randomization · action tokenization · experience replay · off policy evaluation
Neural network training & inference
29 of 72 writtenAutodiff, optimizers, numerics, GPU kernels, multi-GPU parallelism and fast inference.
Architectures
Transformer block · Convolutional networks · Diffusion models · vision transformer · flow matching · variational autoencoders · diffusion samplers · classifier free guidance
Multi-GPU parallelism
Collective communication · Ring all-reduce · ZeRO and FSDP sharding · Tensor parallelism · Pipeline parallelism · distributed checkpointing · embedding table sharding · weight synchronization · gpu health checks · context parallelism · gradient compression
Optimizers & schedules
Automatic differentiation
GPU kernels
Tiled matrix multiplication · GPU compute shaders · Kernel fusion · FlashAttention · cuda graphs · tensor layout transforms · kernel autotuning · tensor compiler scheduling
Inference
Weight quantization · Paged KV cache · Continuous batching · Dynamic batching · Speculative decoding · lora adapters · prefill decode disaggregation · tensor memory planning · model file formats · operator graph partitioning
Decoding & sampling
Token sampling · Beam search decoding · rejection sampling · self consistency voting · token healing
Training recipes
Knowledge distillation · LLM pretraining · LLM fine-tuning · Image model training · sequence packing · scaling laws · federated averaging · data mixture weighting · fill in the middle · structured sparsity · network pruning · dp sgd
Numerics & memory
Post-training & preference learning
verifiable rewards · direct preference optimization · grpo · reward modeling
Experiments & hyperparameter search
experiment tracking · model registry · successive halving hyperband · population based training · bayesian optimization · tree parzen estimator
Statistics & experimentation
15 of 33 writtenHypothesis tests, A/B experiments, rating and label models, anomaly detection and forecasting.
Forecasting
Exponential smoothing (ETS, Holt-Winters) · STL decomposition (seasonal-trend with loess) · Time-series cross-validation (rolling origin) · Time-series forecasting (baselines, model families, backtests) · arima · croston method · lttb downsampling · hierarchical reconciliation · deep forecasting models
Tests & intervals
Robust statistics · Bayesian rate estimation · Hypothesis testing · bootstrap confidence intervals · wilson score interval · covariance shrinkage · queueing theory · survey weighting raking
Online experiments
Sequential probability ratio test · CUPED (variance reduction with pre-experiment covariates) · Experiment layering (overlapping experiments) · A/B testing (online controlled experiments) · sequential hypothesis testing · randomization blocked stratified
Ratings, labels & latent models
Bayesian average rating · Item response theory · bradley terry model · annotator agreement · label aggregation · poisson score models
Anomaly & change detection
Time-series anomaly detection · Control charts (Shewhart, CUSUM, EWMA) · change point detection · remaining useful life estimation
Agentic AI
9 of 29 writtenThe parts of an LLM agent: tool protocols, the agent loop, context and memory, multi-agent orchestration, sandboxing and evaluation.
The agent loop
Prompt caching · Context window management · Human-in-the-loop approval · Tool retrieval (selecting tools for a request) · agent loop · task planning · edit application
Tool protocols
Safety and operations
Memory and retrieval
Computer use
browser automation protocol · screen capture · accessibility tree · input event synthesis · gui grounding
Multi-agent orchestration
§ 2 Data
Databases & storage
29 of 109 writtenIndexes, durability, transactions, buffer management and query execution.
Durability & recovery
Write-ahead log · ARIES recovery · Point-in-time recovery · Group commit · Log-structured storage · copy on write snapshots · journaled state revert · data scrubbing · crash consistency ordering
Indexes
Inverted index · LSM-tree · B+ tree · LSM compaction · Index-free adjacency · zone maps · sstable · copy on write b tree · secondary indexes · triple store indexing · bulk loading · lsm merge operator · b link tree · star tree index
Query execution
Hash join · Vectorized execution · Sort-merge join · hash aggregation · window functions · volcano iterator model · query compilation · worst case optimal join · morsel driven parallelism · late materialization
Transactions & concurrency control
Optimistic concurrency control · MVCC · Deadlock detection · Two-phase locking · gapless sequence numbers · serializable snapshot isolation · upsert merge · read write splitting
Buffer management
Data layout
Time partitioning · Content-addressed storage · Columnar storage · Time-series chunk storage · Chunked array storage · Slotted pages · columnar file format · columnar memory format · git object model · table snapshot manifests · merge on read deletes · delta main storage
Data pipelines
Change data capture · Rollup aggregation · point in time join · incremental view maintenance · event schema normalization · column level lineage · dataset versioning · realtime query subscriptions · data lineage tracking · snapshot diffing · slowly changing dimensions
Query optimization
relational algebra · cardinality estimation · join order dynamic programming · subquery decorrelation · predicate pushdown · partition pruning · query optimizer · cascades query optimization · federated query planning
Schema & migrations
Chunked backfill · bitemporal data · closure table · schema evolution · entity attribute value schema · schema inference · schema migration versioning · expand contract migration · online schema change · schema migration diff
File & document formats
XML Streaming Parser · mime parsing · icalendar format · pdf object model parsing · tar archive format · json streaming parser · email threading · warc format
Product analytics
Entity resolution · identity resolution · sessionization · semantic layer · funnel analysis · cohort retention · conversion attribution
Flash, disks & redundancy
free space management · erasure coding · wear leveling · inode file layout · flash translation layer · flash garbage collection · zoned storage · extent trees · declustered raid · local reconstruction codes
Data structures & hashing
15 of 37 writtenHash tables, hash functions, trees, sketches and buffers.
Ordered structures
d-ary heap · Interval tree · Skip list · Adaptive radix tree (ART) · radix trie · topic matching trie · order statistic tree · fenwick tree · persistent data structures hamt
Hash functions
Probabilistic structures
Bloom filter · HyperLogLog · Count-min sketch · Xor filter · hdr histogram · quantile sketches · reservoir sampling
Hash tables
Swiss table · Cuckoo hashing · Robin Hood hashing · hash consing · string interning · incremental rehashing
Authenticated structures
merkle tree · merkle dag · merkle patricia trie · sparse merkle tree
Buffers
Identifiers & check digits
barcode symbologies · e164 number parsing · mrz check digits · luhn check · checksummed address encoding
Succinct & static structures
Sorting, searching & vector search
25 of 57 writtenSorting, search in arrays and strings, selection and nearest-neighbour search.
Text retrieval
Unicode text tokenization for search · BM25 ranking · Aho-Corasick multi-pattern matching · Linear-time regular expression matching · glob matching · simd json parsing · fm index
Searching
Full-text retrieval
Sorted-list intersection · Top-k pruning with score upper bounds · finite state transducer · time decay scoring · trigram index · boolean expression indexing · query expansion · stemming
Approximate matching
fuzzy string matching · record linkage · edit distance · levenshtein automata · fuzzy finder scoring
Selection
Vector search
HNSW · Cross-encoder reranking · Hybrid search and rank fusion · IVF-PQ · Nearest-neighbour search with filters · scalar quantization · maximal marginal relevance · diskann vamana
Sorting
Radix sort · Pattern-defeating quicksort (pdqsort) · External merge sort · parallel prefix sum · k way merge
Web crawling
Diff & near-duplicates
Myers diff · Perceptual hashing · SimHash · log template mining · stack trace fingerprinting · winnowing fingerprints
Sequence alignment & genomics
Smith-Waterman local alignment · Multiple sequence alignment · vcf variant normalization · pair hmm · bayesian genotype likelihoods · minimizer kmer index · genomic binning index · profile hmm search · de bruijn graph assembly
Graphs
10 of 29 writtenTraversal, shortest paths, connectivity, flow and scheduling on graphs.
Connectivity
Traversal & ordering
BFS and DFS · Topological sort · lowest common ancestor · critical path analysis · transitive closure index
Shortest paths
Dijkstra's algorithm · A* search · Contraction hierarchies (shortcut-based shortest paths) · bellman ford negative cycles · k shortest paths · time dependent shortest path · raptor transit routing · customizable route planning · time varying topology routing · connection scan algorithm
Graph analytics
Flow & matching
Assignment problem (Hungarian / Jonker–Volgenant) · Max flow (Dinic) · min cost flow · bipartite matching · minimum weight perfect matching · stable matching gale shapley
Compression
14 of 26 writtenEntropy coding, LZ coding, transforms and integer/float codecs.
Integer codecs
Transforms
Delta encoding · Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) · dictionary encoding · vector quantization · prefix compression · run length encoding
LZ / dictionary coding
Deltas & deduplication
binary delta diff · content defined chunking · seekable compressed stream · rsync delta algorithm
Float & time-series codecs
Entropy coding
§ 3 Distributed and cloud
Security
49 of 154 writtenCrypto primitives you can actually use, auth, secrets and defending real systems.
Crypto primitives
Cryptographic hashes (SHA-2, BLAKE3) · AEAD (AES-GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305) · Digital signatures (Ed25519) · ECDH key exchange (X25519, P-256) · HKDF key derivation (extract-and-expand) · TLS 1.3 · Message authentication codes (HMAC, CMAC, Poly1305, KMAC) · ECDSA signatures · Password hashing (Argon2id) · csprng · rsa cryptosystem · keccak sha3 · post quantum kem
Application security
Coverage-guided fuzzing · JSON Schema validation · Unicode confusables · Input validation and injection · OWASP Top 10 risks · sanitizers · html sanitization · taint tracking · same origin policy · query complexity analysis
Sandboxing & isolation
Process sandboxing · seccomp bpf · syscall interception · egress proxy filtering · microvm isolation · microarchitectural side channels · guard pages memory sandboxing · isolate multitenancy · software fault isolation
Certificates & PKI
Mutual TLS · Transparency log · Workload identity (SPIFFE-style) · x509 certificates · trusted timestamping · acme protocol · code signing · pdf digital signatures · witness cosigning · certificate revocation · cbor cose · signed certificate timestamps
Applied cryptography
Envelope encryption · Secure memory zeroization · Format-preserving encryption · constant time code · aes key wrap · key rotation · elliptic curve arithmetic · aes xts disk encryption · commitment schemes · blind signatures · verifiable random function
Authentication & authorization
JSON Web Token (JWT) · OAuth 2 and OpenID Connect · Authorization models (RBAC, ABAC, ReBAC) · One-time codes (HOTP, TOTP) · Passkeys (WebAuthn) · Sessions vs tokens · AKA (authentication and key agreement) · Password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) · saml · scim provisioning · mfa · ldap directory · scram authentication
Operational security
Tamper-evident audit log · Secrets management · Least privilege and isolation · Signed update metadata (TUF) · Software supply chain security · software bill of materials · vulnerability advisory matching · secret scanning · reproducible builds · signed attestations
Hardware trust
Secure boot chain · Hardware security module (HSM) · Replay protection window · hardware backed keystore · trusted execution environments · measured boot · remote attestation · key sealing · hardware root of trust · apdu smart card protocol
Access control & request signing
Row-level security (multi-tenant isolation in the data layer) · Policy engines (PDP/PEP, Cedar, Rego, ReBAC) · Signed URLs · Capability-based security (object capabilities) · dual control approval · hmac request signing · capability tokens
Abuse & bot defense
Reputation scoring · Device fingerprinting · Behavioral biometrics · Bot detection · tls fingerprinting · proof of work challenge · device posture checks · k anonymity hash prefix
Secure channels & messaging
SSH protocol (transport, auth, channels) · WireGuard · tls termination · ipsec esp · tls interception · noise protocol · dnssec · double ratchet · group messaging encryption · x3dh key agreement · traffic padding · onion routing · onion services rendezvous · circuit path selection · traffic obfuscation
Threat detection & malware analysis
fuzzy hashing · yara rule matching · os event tracing · process tree tracking · network service fingerprinting · binary emulation · code obfuscation · memory integrity scanning · port scanning
Privacy engineering
Data masking · k anonymity · data deidentification · differential privacy · privacy budget accounting · invisible watermarking · salted visitor hashing · randomized response
Multi-party & privacy-preserving crypto
Shamir secret sharing (k-of-n) · secure aggregation · bls signature aggregation · threshold cryptography · homomorphic encryption · threshold ecdsa mpc · private set intersection · secure multiparty computation · selective disclosure credentials · mix networks
Proof systems
sigma protocols · pairing based cryptography · multi scalar multiplication · fiat shamir transform · circuit arithmetization · polynomial commitment schemes · sumcheck protocol · algebraic hash poseidon · proof recursion folding
Distributed systems
51 of 88 writtenConsensus, replication, time, partitioning and membership.
Coordination
Fencing tokens · Leases · Watch notifications · Transactional outbox · Desired-state reconciliation · Saga pattern · Two-phase commit · Config distribution · conditional writes · percolator transactions · causal consistency tokens
Logs, queues & fan-out
Message sequence numbers · Segmented log · Dead-letter queue · Durable job queue · Consumer offsets · Event deduplication window · Partitioned commit log · Pub/sub fan-out · Fan-out on write · exactly once processing · log compaction · consumer group rebalancing
Testing & replay
Replication
Primary-backup replication · Anti-entropy repair · Quorum replication · Hinted handoff · CRDTs · Chain replication · set reconciliation
Stream & batch processing
Durable workflow execution · Windowed stream aggregation · DAG workflow execution · watermarks · batch checkpoint restart · data shuffle · speculative execution · mapreduce · lineage based recovery · stream stream join · chandy lamport snapshots
Client sync & collaboration
Incremental sync cursors · Fractional indexing · Offline mutation queue · Three-way merge · operational transformation · device shadow state sync
Partitioning
Consistent hashing · Range partitioning · Rendezvous hashing · Scatter-gather query · Online resharding · Jump consistent hash · cell based architecture · shuffle sharding · crush placement
Time & ordering
Clock synchronization · Vector clocks · Distributed ID generation · Lamport clocks · Hybrid logical clocks · truetime commit wait
Consensus
State-machine snapshots · Raft · Multi-Paxos · linearizable reads · nakamoto consensus · fork choice rule · bft consensus · multi raft · viewstamped replication
Membership & failure detection
Phi accrual failure detector · Presence tracking · SWIM gossip membership · epidemic broadcast · distributed barrier · kademlia dht · service discovery
HPC communication & scheduling
Halo exchange · eager rendezvous protocol · gang scheduling · parallel file system striping · backfill scheduling
Networking
27 of 113 writtenTransport protocols, kernel I/O paths and load balancing.
Server I/O
Zero-copy I/O · epoll event loop · Kernel-bypass networking · io_uring · transparent interception · rdma · ebpf xdp · receive side scaling · virtual network interfaces · packet capture pcap · tun tap devices · vector packet processing
HTTP & RPC
HTTP/2 · HTTP caching semantics · Webhook delivery · HTTP range requests · HTTP/1.1 message parsing · Server-sent events · Resumable uploads · Long polling · cursor pagination · grpc protocol · json rpc · http connect tunneling · trie url routing · long running operations · promise pipelining
Messaging & email protocols
Mobile push delivery · SPF, DKIM and DMARC sender authentication · smtp protocol · mqtt protocol · bounce processing · email delivery smtp · open and click tracking · sms encoding segmentation · data distribution service · smpp protocol · diameter protocol
Packet processing & middleboxes
packet header parsing · tcam ternary matching · network address translation · packet classification · deep packet inspection · path mtu discovery · match action pipelines · packet encapsulation · connection tracking · internet checksum · ip fragment reassembly · gtp u tunneling · port block allocation
Framing & serialization
WebSockets · Zero-copy serialization · Length-prefix framing · protobuf wire format · asn1 encoding · tlv encoding · binary json encoding
Routing & forwarding
IP multicast · longest prefix match · network topologies · bgp · link state routing · bfd · mpls label switching · segment routing · traffic engineering · ethernet switching mac learning · rpki route origin validation · multicast igmp snooping · fast reroute
DNS & naming
DNS message format and client lookups · Public Suffix List · dns blocklists · recursive dns resolution · mdns service discovery · dns zone transfer
Transport & congestion control
BBR congestion control · QUIC · TCP CUBIC · selective repeat arq · credit based flow control · delay based congestion control · sctp protocol · datacenter congestion control · syn cookies · ledbat congestion control · userspace tcp ip stack
Queueing & traffic measurement
fair queuing · active queue management · active path probing · in network aggregation · least cost routing · ipfix flow export · packet sampling
Load balancing
Power of two choices · Anycast · Reverse proxy · Maglev hashing · ecmp · direct server return · geodns routing
Industry protocols & formats
hl7v2 message parsing · fhir resource model · dicom protocol · common alerting protocol · ccsds space packets · clinical terminology services
Network operations
ip address management · network discovery · pxe network boot · peer to peer swarming · remote framebuffer protocol
Concurrency
12 of 20 writtenMemory ordering, lock-free structures, memory reclamation and scheduling.
Task scheduling
Work-stealing deque · Actor model · Supervision trees · cooperative scheduling · async io runtime · thread per core · fibers stackful coroutines
Memory model
Lock-free structures
Memory reclamation
Locks
Cloud services
14 of 17 writtenWhat each cloud building block is for, what it costs, and when to self-host.
Data services
Network & edge
Datacenter facilities
power oversubscription capping · ups power distribution · datacenter cooling
Operations
Choosing
§ 4 Systems and languages
Systems building blocks
23 of 62 writtenCaching, timers, flow control and memory allocation.
Flow control & resilience
Exponential backoff with jitter · Graceful draining · Token bucket · Sliding-window counters · Circuit breaker · Backpressure · GCRA · Distributed rate limiting · connection pooling · debouncing throttling · hedged requests · deadline propagation · adaptive concurrency limits
Cache eviction
Observability & alerting
Health checking · Distributed tracing · Escalation policies · burn rate alerting · telemetry sampling · alert grouping · file tailing
Memory allocation
Rules, state machines & events
Hierarchical state machine · Rete rules engine · Complex event processing · publish subscribe event bus · event condition action rules · incremental computation · query based incremental computation
Calendars & recurring schedules
Builds & rollouts
Deterministic bucketing · traffic splitting · staged rollout · hermetic execution · oci image layout · lazy image pulling · declarative diff plan · feature flag evaluation · layered image build · speculative merge batching
Cluster scheduling & capacity
priority and preemption · autoscaling · warm pool provisioning · topology aware placement · fair share scheduling · spot capacity allocation
Caching patterns
Cache invalidation · stale while revalidate · request coalescing · origin shielding · dataloader batching
Hardware & OS
21 of 93 writtenWhat the machine really does: caches, SIMD, virtual memory, the page cache, durable writes and zero-allocation I/O.
Storage I/O
fsync, O_DSYNC and O_DIRECT · CRC32C checksums · File system watching · SSD and NVMe internals · atomic file replacement · overlay filesystem · nvme queues · fuse userspace filesystem · advisory file locking · io request scheduling · block io multiqueue · nvme over fabrics
CPU
SIMD programming · CPU caches and the memory hierarchy · Roofline model · Structure of arrays and hot/cold splitting · Branch prediction · instruction pipelining · cache coherence protocols · hardware prefetching · tomasulo out of order · load store queue disambiguation · instruction decode uop cache · vliw static scheduling
Processes & terminals
Process supervision · Cgroups and namespaces · Checkpoint and restart · ptrace process control · resource usage accounting · cpu isolation and pinning · pseudo terminals · crash signal handling · mobile background execution
Kernel mechanisms
Interrupt handling · Context switching · System call interface · ebpf · power management dvfs · tickless idle · cpu scheduling eevdf · unix socket fd passing · heterogeneous core scheduling · capability ipc · live kernel patching · library os
Memory
Virtual memory and the TLB · mmap and the page cache · Copy-on-write fork · numa aware allocation · huge pages · dram organization · memory pressure reclaim
Virtualization
DMA and IOMMU · hardware virtualization kvm · virtio devices · nested paging ept · dirty page tracking · vm snapshot restore · gpu virtualization · memory ballooning · memory live migration
GPUs & accelerators
gpu memory coalescing banking · fpga dataflow pipelines · gpu priority preemption · simt warp scheduling · systolic matrix units · fpga packet processing · double buffering dma
Chip design & EDA
Static timing analysis · arithmetic circuits · network on chip · event driven logic simulation · and inverter graphs · technology mapping · analytical placement · maze routing · clock tree synthesis · steiner trees
Boot & firmware
pci enumeration · x86 boot process · dram training · bmc out of band management · image based provisioning · processor boot modes · cache as ram · hardware description tables
Performance analysis
hardware performance counters · sampling profiling pmu · dynamic instrumentation probes · flame graphs · instrumented profiling · benchmarking methodology
Compilers & runtimes
35 of 93 writtenParsing, type checking, IR and optimization, code generation, binaries, interpreters, JITs and garbage collectors.
IR & program analysis
Control-flow graph · Dataflow analysis · SSA form · Structured control flow · Escape analysis · datalog evaluation · dominator tree · call graph construction · alias analysis · uniformity analysis · symbolic execution
Developer tooling
Text position encoding · Language server protocol · Code symbol indexing · delta debugging · template engines · semver range matching · dependency version resolution
Binaries & debugging
Code coverage instrumentation · Debug info (DWARF) · stack unwinding · source maps · symbolication · disassembly · breakpoints watchpoints · binary lifting to ir · gdb remote protocol · cfg recovery · function fingerprinting · type recovery
Parsing & syntax trees
Recursive-descent parsing · Pratt parsing · Incremental parsing · parser error recovery · tree pattern matching · lossless syntax trees · shell command parsing · pretty printing wadler
Code generation
Register allocation · Instruction selection · Linking and relocation · WebAssembly binary format · FFI bindings generation · Bytecode compilation · executable formats elf pe · calling conventions abi · instruction scheduling · machine code emission · idl code generation · spirv binary format
Names & types
Name resolution · Bidirectional type checking · module resolution · unification · shape inference · type inference hindley milner · structural subtyping · control flow type narrowing
Interpreters & JITs
Inline caches · Hidden classes (shapes) · JIT compilation · Deoptimization · Executable memory under W^X · Instruction metering · Hot reloading · Closures and upvalues · Value tagging and NaN-boxing · On-stack replacement · bytecode interpreter · javascript event loop · webassembly runtime · heap snapshot startup
Garbage collection
Optimization passes
function inlining · loop optimizations · peephole optimization · tree shaking · auto vectorization · profile guided optimization · e graphs · sparse conditional constant propagation · global value numbering · minification name mangling
Type theory & proof assistants
congruence closure · term rewriting · de bruijn indices · dependent type theory · normalization by evaluation · tactic proof search
Embedded, industrial & energy
11 of 56 writtenFirmware and device buses, real-time scheduling, industrial control, safety-critical design, power grids and batteries.
Firmware & peripherals
Watchdog timer · Fixed-rate control loop · PWM generation · A/B partition updates · Memory protection unit · dma transfers · low power duty cycling · spi i2c bus drivers
Safety-critical design
Hot-standby redundancy · Safety-critical coding standards · Fault tree analysis · Model checking and formal proof · redundancy voting · end to end protection e2e · safety monitor architecture · edac memory scrubbing · fault detection isolation recovery · memory self test march · interlocking logic · movement authority braking curves
Industrial control
Alarm management · modbus protocol · real time fieldbus · opc ua · data diode unidirectional transfer · industrial network segmentation · plc scan cycle · bacnet protocol · dnp3 protocol
Real-time scheduling
Preemptive priority scheduling · time triggered scheduling · real time linux scheduling · rate monotonic analysis · earliest deadline first
Batteries & charging
battery state estimation · equivalent circuit battery model · cell balancing · cc cv charging · ocpp protocol · smart charging scheduling
Vehicle & device buses
can bus framing · uds diagnostics · ble advertising · secure onboard communication · iso tp segmentation · uwb ranging
Power systems
droop control · synchrophasor estimation · pipe network hydraulics · automatic generation control · rms power metering dsp · ac power flow · optimal power flow · contingency analysis · dlms cosem protocol · power system state estimation
Programming languages
13 of 13 writtenWhich language for which job, and what each costs you.
Specialized
Dynamic & glue
Choosing
Managed & backend
§ 5 Media and graphics
Signal processing & communications
5 of 49 writtenDigital filters and spectra, radio physical and MAC layers, channel coding and satellite positioning.
Filters & spectra
Phase-locked loop (digital) · IIR and FIR filters · Short-time Fourier transform and spectrogram · biquad filters · peak detection · fft convolution · dynamic time warping · sample rate conversion · vibration spectral analysis · wavelet transform · ppg heart rate estimation · zero suppression
Channel coding
Convolutional codes and the Viterbi decoder · Reed-Solomon codes · forward error correction · ldpc codes · hamming codes · hybrid arq · line coding scrambling · polar codes · turbo codes
Radio physical layer
beamforming · qam soft demapping · adaptive equalization · ofdm modulation · channel estimation · link adaptation · digital down conversion · symbol timing recovery · ofdm time frequency synchronization · mimo detection · chirp spread spectrum
Radio access & MAC
tdma scheduling · ble gatt · dynamic bandwidth allocation · ranging and delay equalization · mesh routing · rfid backscatter protocol · aloha random access · airtime fairness · handover management · client steering · proportional fair scheduling · robust header compression
Satellite & radio positioning
multilateration tdoa · pseudorange least squares positioning · rtk ambiguity resolution · gnss signal acquisition · gnss tracking loops
Graphics & UI
14 of 116 writtenGPU rendering, 2D vector graphics, image processing, text rendering, UI layout and frameworks, and game-engine structure.
Image processing
Image resampling filters · Color space conversion · Tone mapping (HDR to display range) · convolution image filters · image pyramids · image warping remap · tiled image pipeline · perceptual image diff
2D vector graphics
Bézier curves · damage tracking · alpha compositing · display list recording · path rasterization coverage · layer compositing · stroke expansion · gpu vector rendering · signed distance field rendering · stencil then cover · tile based binning
Fonts & text layout
opentype font parsing · text shaping · font fallback itemization · unicode bidi algorithm · unicode line breaking · font rasterization · glyph atlas caching · knuth plass line breaking · font hinting
Documents, editors & terminals
Rope · undo redo · rich text document model · gap buffer · markdown parsing · syntax highlighting · vt escape sequence parsing
GPU APIs & presentation
GPU command buffers · gpu synchronization fences · vsync frame pacing · display scanout modesetting · pipeline state caching · texture tiling swizzling · texture compression bc astc · gpu asset decompression
UI frameworks & reactivity
Statecharts · Signals and fine-grained reactivity · keyed list reconciliation · retained mode ui tree · dom event delegation · virtual dom diffing · positional memoization · cooperative ui scheduling · ui template compilation
UI layout & styling
List virtualization (windowing) · block inline layout · box constraint layout · css cascade inheritance · css selector matching · flexbox layout · hit testing and gestures · css grid layout · constraint layout solver · browser rendering pipeline · animation springs easing
Meshes & voxels
half edge mesh · marching cubes · mesh simplification quadric · subdivision surfaces · skeletal animation skinning · uv unwrapping · greedy meshing · chunked voxel storage
Web page delivery
html parsing · code splitting lazy loading · ssr hydration · session replay · partial hydration islands · browser performance apis · html rewriting · streaming ssr
3D rendering
Physically based shading (microfacet BRDF) · Render graph (frame graph) · mipmapping texture filtering · frustum occlusion culling · triangle rasterization · image based lighting · meshlet cluster lod · gpu driven indirect rendering · depth buffering reverse z · shadow mapping · clustered deferred shading · temporal antialiasing · virtual texturing
XR rendering
lens distortion correction · stereo multiview rendering · foveated rendering · late latching reprojection
Game engine architecture
Entity-component-system (ECS) · floating origin rebasing · asset streaming priority · behavior trees · navigation mesh pathfinding · scene graph transforms · fixed timestep game loop
Ray tracing & volumes
Wavefront ray scheduling (stage queues) · Monte Carlo denoising (feature-guided filtering) · voxel ray traversal dda · volume rendering ray casting · path tracing · volumetric delta tracking · sparse voxel octree
Procedural generation
cellular automata · gradient noise · poisson disk sampling · wave function collapse · hydraulic erosion · l systems
Audio & video
13 of 66 writtenVideo and audio coding, streaming and packaging, real-time media, audio processing, image codecs and camera pipelines.
Video coding
GOP structure · Adaptive quantization · video codecs · scene cut detection · video rate control · chroma subsampling · hardware video acceleration · intra prediction · simulcast svc · low latency video encoding · motion estimation · in loop filters · rate distortion optimization · wavefront parallel processing
Streaming & packaging
Perceptual quality metrics (PSNR, SSIM, VMAF) · A/V sync and media clocks · Adaptive bitrate streaming · Video transcoding ladder · Common Encryption (CENC) · media containers · adaptive streaming manifests · chunked parallel encoding · low latency hls dash · subtitle formats webvtt
Real-time communication
RTP and RTCP · Jitter buffer · NAT traversal (STUN, ICE, TURN) · SRTP · Selective forwarding unit · packet loss concealment · sdp offer answer · sip signaling · webrtc
Audio processing
parameter smoothing · realtime audio callback · acoustic echo cancellation · audio mixing · noise suppression · audio loudness normalization · automatic gain control · dynamic range compression · audio mixing graph · plugin delay compensation · time stretching pitch shifting · midi protocol · audio spatialization hrtf
Image codecs & camera pipelines
image codecs · image alignment registration · image denoising · auto exposure focus white balance · line buffer streaming · background subtraction · demosaicing · video stabilization · progressive decoding
Audio coding
Linear predictive coding (LPC) · opus codec · psychoacoustic model · mu law a law companding · audio fingerprinting · neural audio codecs · perceptual audio coding
Astronomy & remote-sensing imaging
radiometric calibration · astrometric plate solving · image differencing psf matching · source extraction
§ 6 Science and simulation
Numerics & scientific computing
23 of 75 writtenDifferential equations, linear algebra, FFT, floating point, optimization and randomness.
Linear algebra
Sparse matrices (CSR) · LU and Cholesky factorization · Fill-reducing ordering · Sparse direct solver · Conjugate gradient · Incomplete factorization preconditioners · Multigrid · thomas tridiagonal solver · gmres
Optimization & randomness
PRNGs (PCG, xoshiro) · L-BFGS · Monte Carlo integration · levenberg marquardt · constrained parameter transforms · continuation methods · cma es
Core numerics
Floating-point error · Newton root finding · Fast Fourier transform · spline interpolation · low precision number formats · interval arithmetic · finite field arithmetic · discrete cosine transform · reproducible reduction · big integer arithmetic · number theoretic transform · modified dct · fast walsh hadamard transform
PDE methods
Finite differences · Gaussian quadrature · Finite elements · Spectral methods · unstructured mesh representation · spherical grids · flux limiters upwinding · finite volume method · spherical harmonic transform · ensemble kalman filter · conservative regridding · data assimilation 4dvar · level set methods
ODE solvers
Sampling & Bayesian inference
alias method sampling · importance sampling · sequential monte carlo · low discrepancy sequences · markov chain monte carlo · mcmc convergence diagnostics · hamiltonian monte carlo nuts · variational inference
Simulation methods
discrete event simulation · modified nodal analysis · fmi co simulation · orbit propagation · agent based modeling · dynamic traffic assignment · gillespie algorithm · car following models · lane change models
Physics integrators
Quantum computing
stabilizer simulation · quantum circuit optimization · quantum gate synthesis · qubit routing · state vector simulation · tensor network contraction · surface code
Symbolic math
groebner bases · polynomial gcd factorization · symbolic integration
Geometry & geospatial
5 of 34 writtenTransforms and robust predicates, computational geometry, CAD surfaces, spatial indexes, map projections and geocoding.
Spatial indexes
R-tree · k-d tree · Geospatial cell index (geohash, S2, H3) · quadtree octree · space filling curves · healpix sky pixelization
Transforms & predicates
Quaternion rotations · homogeneous transforms · exact geometric predicates · ray primitive intersection · kabsch rmsd alignment
Computational geometry
point in polygon · polygon clipping · polygon tessellation · label placement collision · delaunay triangulation · line simplification · voronoi diagrams · convex hull quickhull
Maps & projections
Geodesic distance (haversine, Vincenty, Karney) · map projections · map tile pyramid · vector tile encoding · kriging spatial interpolation · orthorectification
Geocoding & map matching
address parsing · map matching hmm · address interpolation · address geocoding
CAD & surfaces
b rep topology · nurbs · surface surface intersection · solid boolean operations · geometric constraint solving
Optimization & solvers
14 of 35 writtenLP and MIP, constraint programming, SAT and SMT, metaheuristics, and routing, scheduling and packing heuristics.
LP, MIP & convex solvers
Simplex method · Presolve reductions · Cutting planes · Mixed-integer programming (branch and bound) · Interior-point method (primal-dual, Mehrotra) · Column generation · quadratic programming · primal dual hybrid gradient · stochastic programming
SAT, SMT & constraint programming
Two watched literals · Binary decision diagrams · Constraint propagation (constraint programming) · CDCL SAT solving · drat proof certificates · tseitin transformation · bit blasting · dpll t
Packing & supply planning
Bin packing · subset sum dp · bill of materials explosion · inventory policies safety stock · vector bin packing · rectangle bin packing
Metaheuristics & local search
Large neighbourhood search (ruin and recreate) · local search 2opt or opt · simulated annealing · guided local search · genetic algorithms
Routing & scheduling
Time-window feasibility · Job-shop scheduling · savings algorithm clarke wright · vehicle routing heuristics · arrival sequencing and scheduling · tsp heuristics · facility location coverage
Robotics & control
5 of 40 writtenFeedback control, state estimation, kinematics, motion planning, localization and mapping, and geometric vision.
State estimation
Kalman filter · Extended Kalman filter · complementary filter · sensor fusion · interacting multiple model filter · attitude determination
Control
PID controller · Model predictive control · field oriented control · impedance control · system identification · control allocation mixing · whole body control · gait phase scheduling
Localization, mapping & 3D vision
ransac · feature detection orb · camera calibration · occupancy grid · bundle adjustment · point cloud registration icp · structured light depth · slam · visual inertial odometry · fiducial marker localization · hough transform · tsdf volume fusion
Kinematics & frames
Rigid-body transforms (SE(3) poses) · transform tree · inverse kinematics · pure pursuit path tracking · differential drive kinematics
Motion planning
conflict detection and resolution · motion planning · multi agent path finding · coverage path planning
Motion profiles & CNC
velocity motion profiles · input shaping · step pulse scheduling · look ahead junction planning · g code parsing
Physics simulation
7 of 32 writtenRigid-body simulation for games and robotics: broadphase, narrowphase, contact solving.
Broadphase
Narrowphase
GJK and EPA · Separating axis theorem · contact manifold generation · continuous collision detection
Rigid-body dynamics
N-body & molecular dynamics
periodic boundary conditions · neighbor lists · force field terms · thermostats barostats · fast multipole method · hierarchical timestepping · particle mesh ewald · constraint solvers shake lincs · barnes hut tree
Contact solving
Sequential impulse solver · joint constraints · complementarity contact solver · soft constraints substepping · position based dynamics
Fluids
semi lagrangian advection · pressure projection method · smoothed particle hydrodynamics · flip pic fluid
Computational chemistry
molecular fingerprints similarity · molecular graph representation · ligand conformer generation · molecular docking scoring
§ 7 Industries
Financial infrastructure
18 of 70 writtenOrder books, matching engines, ledgers, money types, payments and low-latency trading plumbing.
Ledgers & money
Event sourcing · Money representation · Double-entry ledger · Corporate-action adjustment · largest remainder rounding · currency cross rate triangulation · fifo lot consumption · multilateral netting · revenue recognition schedules · tax lot accounting · cash pooling sweeps · payment waterfall allocation
Payments
Idempotency keys · Reconciliation · Payment state machine · iso 8583 messages · iso 20022 messages · authorization holds · emv cryptograms · stand in processing · delivery versus payment · real time gross settlement · dukpt key derivation
Markets & trading
FIX protocol (session layer) · Pre-trade risk checks · Limit order book · Matching engine · Market data feeds (ITCH / MoldUDP64) · order lifecycle state machine · total order sequencer · margin liquidation · market making inventory model · call auction clearing · market impact models · execution algorithms
Billing & metering
inventory reservation · tariff rating · usage metering · proration calculation · loan amortization · quota reservation · cost allocation models
Blockchain mechanics
deterministic serialization · reorg safe chain indexing · hierarchical deterministic keys · reentrancy protection · light client verification · data availability sampling · interactive fraud proofs
Pricing & risk models
Black-Scholes-Merton formula · Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall · Yield curve bootstrapping · Binomial lattice pricing · day count conventions · portfolio performance metrics · least squares monte carlo · portfolio margining span · mean variance optimization · chain ladder reserving · overround margin pricing · threshold rebalancing
Auctions & market makers
Ranked-slot auction (GSP and VCG) · budget pacing · sealed bid auction · revenue management emsr · proxy bidding · twap oracle · automated market maker · concentrated liquidity
Latency engineering
Multiplayer & game networking
16 of 20 writtenReal-time state sync, latency hiding, bandwidth and matchmaking.
Bandwidth
Bitstream serialization · Snapshot delta compression · Interest management · State quantization · network update prioritization
Sync models
Deterministic fixed-point math · Authoritative server · Deterministic lockstep · spatial shard handoff · simulation time dilation · server side cheat detection
Game transport
Rating & matchmaking
Latency hiding
Game AI & search
9 of 31 writtenSearch and decision-making for agents in games and other adversarial settings: game trees, imperfect information, game characters.
Game-tree search
Transposition table · Monte Carlo tree search · Alpha-beta search · Candidate ordering and pruning · NNUE incremental evaluation · Batched MCTS inference · search time management · decision quality scoring · parallel tree search · evaluation functions · gumbel mcts · proof number search · expectimax
Game characters
behavior trees · navigation mesh pathfinding · utility ai · steering behaviors · influence maps · goap · htn planning
State representation
Imperfect-information games
counterfactual regret minimization · best response exploitability · game abstraction bucketing · subgame solving · information set mcts · opponent modeling
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