Graphics & UI

Smooth curves defined by 3-4 control points, evaluated and split with repeated linear interpolation (de Casteljau) and flattened to lines with a closed-form segment count.

Cook-Torrance microfacet BRDF with GGX distribution, height-correlated Smith masking and Schlick Fresnel, driven by base colour, metallic and roughness; the standard surface model of real-time and film renderers.

Passes declare what they read and write; a per-frame compile drops unused passes, orders the rest, shares memory between short-lived resources and derives the barriers.

Smooth a noisy estimate with edge-stopping weights taken from cheap, noise-free side buffers (albedo, normal, depth), after dividing out texture.

Split the per-item loop into small stage kernels joined by memory queues, so each launch runs one kind of work on a full, compacted batch.

Record GPU work as a flat list of commands on the CPU, submit it in batches, and reuse its memory through a ring of frames in flight guarded by fences.

Resize an image by convolving with a kernel (box, triangle, cubic, Lanczos) whose width scales with the shrink factor, done as two separable 1-D passes with precomputed weights.

Compress scene-referred linear light to a display's range in three steps: expose, apply a curve to luminance, then encode (sRGB, PQ or HLG) and dither.

Convert pixels between transfer curves (sRGB, linear light), primaries (sRGB, Display P3, XYZ) and Y'CbCr, using tables for the curve and 3x3 matrices for the rest.

A balanced tree of small string chunks with cached byte and newline counts, so seek, insert, delete and snapshot cost O(log n) instead of O(n).

Create and lay out only the items inside the viewport plus a little overscan, and fake the full scroll extent, so frame cost depends on the screen, not on N.

A dependency graph of signals, memos and effects where reads auto-subscribe, so a state change re-runs exactly the outputs that used it, with no tree diff.

State machines with nesting, parallel regions, history and entry/exit actions, so UI and animation logic stays linear in size instead of exploding.

Store each attribute type in its own packed array keyed by an id, and run update functions over exactly the ids that have the attributes they need.