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patient-monitoring

bedside and telemetry monitors with central station

Philips IntelliVue, GE CARESCAPE, Masimo

SystemTechniques · 16Primitives · 48 patient-monitoring Clock synchronizationdistributed · medium: Estimate a clock's offset from four timestamps, filter out queueing noise, and steer the clock smoothly; NTP gets about a millisecond, PTP with hardware timestamps under a microsecond.›Alarm managementembedded · medium: Turn raw process limits into a few actionable operator alarms with delay, deadband, acknowledge and shelving states, plus flood measurement.›Battery state estimationembedded · medium: State of charge / health / power from coulomb counting, OCV curves and model-based observersSafety-critical coding standardsembedded · medium: Which rule sets (MISRA C, CERT C, JPL Power of Ten, Rust lint subsets) apply when software must not fail, what they forbid, and how to enforce them in CI.›Safety monitor architectureembedded · medium: Independent doer/checker safety monitor that forces a safe state when the main channel misbehavesEcg beat classificationsignal-processing · medium: Detect QRS complexes (Pan-Tompkins style band-pass, derivative, squaring, adaptive threshold) and classify beats by morphology and RR intervalOscillometric blood pressuresignal-processing · medium: Deflate a cuff, extract the oscillation envelope and derive mean, systolic and diastolic pressure from amplitude-ratio pointsHierarchical state machinesystems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.›Watchdog timerembedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.›IIR and FIR filterssignal-processing · low: Two ways to shape a sampled signal's spectrum: FIR (finite taps, always stable, exact linear phase) or IIR (feedback, a few coefficients, cheap but phase-distorting).›Peak detectionsignal-processing · low: Robust peak and event detection in noisy signals with adaptive thresholds and refractory periodsDelta encodingcompression · low: Store differences between consecutive values instead of the values, turning sorted IDs, timestamps and counters into small numbers that pack into few bits.›Low power duty cyclingembedded · low: MCU sleep states, wake sources and radio duty cycling to run years on a batteryPreemptive priority schedulingembedded · low: Always run the highest-priority ready task, switching the instant a higher one becomes ready; selection is O(1) with one FIFO per priority and a bitmap.›Hl7v2 message parsingnetworking · low: HL7 v2 pipe-delimited segments, escaping, ACKs and MLLP framing for clinical interfacesPublish subscribe event bussystems · low: In-process or on-box topic bus decoupling producers and consumers with bounded queuesPID controllerrobotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.›Phase-locked loop (digital)signal-processing · low: Feedback loop that locks a local oscillator to the phase and frequency of an input tone; the core of carrier recovery, clock recovery and GNSS tracking.›Robust statisticsstatistics · low: Location and scale estimates (median, MAD, trimmed mean, Huber M-estimator) that stay correct when a minority of the data is garbage.›Debouncing throttlingsystems · low: Coalescing rapid events: debounce (wait for quiet), throttle (max rate), and cancelling stale in-flight requestsSpline interpolationnumerics · low: Linear, bilinear/trilinear and cubic spline interpolation on grids and tablesExtended Kalman filterrobotics · low: Kalman filter for nonlinear motion and measurement models: linearize f and h with Jacobians at the current estimate each step. The default estimator in robot navigation.›Code coverage instrumentationcompilers · low: Insert counters into compiled code to record which blocks, edges or lines ran; a spanning tree of the control-flow graph cuts the counters needed.›+ 9 more techniques+ 32 more primitives

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