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Embedded and IoT
satellite-flight-software
satellite flight software
NASA cFS
System
Techniques · 5
Primitives · 33
satellite-flight-softwa…
Fault detection isolation recovery
embedded · medium: Monitor/response tables, fault isolation and safe-mode recovery hierarchies for autonomous systems
Orbit propagation
numerics · medium: Propagate satellite orbits (Kepler, SGP4, numerical with perturbations) and frame transforms
Attitude determination
robotics · medium: Estimate orientation from vector observations (TRIAD, QUEST/Wahba) and gyros
Ldpc codes
signal-processing · medium: Low-density parity-check codes with soft-decision min-sum decoding, used in NAND flash
Spherical harmonic transform
numerics · medium: Fast spherical harmonic transforms via FFT in longitude and Legendre in latitude
Redundancy voting
embedded · low: N-modular redundancy and MooN voting (2oo3, TMR) with discrepancy detection
Watchdog timer
embedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.
›
Hierarchical state machine
systems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.
›
Rigid-body transforms (SE(3) poses)
robotics · low: Represent, compose, invert, integrate and interpolate 3D poses as unit quaternion plus translation, with exp/log maps for small motions and uncertainty.
›
Extended Kalman filter
robotics · low: Kalman filter for nonlinear motion and measurement models: linearize f and h with Jacobians at the current estimate each step. The default estimator in robot navigation.
›
Edac memory scrubbing
embedded · low: ECC/EDAC memory with periodic scrubbing to correct radiation-induced bit flips
Preemptive priority scheduling
embedded · low: Always run the highest-priority ready task, switching the instant a higher one becomes ready; selection is O(1) with one FIFO per priority and a bitmap.
›
CRC32C checksums
hardware-os · low: The Castagnoli CRC-32 with dedicated instructions on x86 (SSE4.2) and ARMv8. It is the standard fast integrity check for storage blocks, logs and network frames.
›
Ccsds space packets
networking · low: CCSDS space packet and transfer frame protocols: APIDs, sync markers, virtual channels
Runge-Kutta 4
numerics · low: The classic four-stage, fourth-order ODE step; error drops 16× when the step halves, with no derivatives or past steps needed.
›
PID controller
robotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.
›
Message authentication codes (HMAC,…
security · low: A keyed short tag proving a message is unmodified and came from a key holder; pick HMAC, CMAC, KMAC or a one-time polynomial MAC by what primitive you already have.
›
Convolutional codes and the Viterbi…
signal-processing · low: Streaming error-correcting code: each output bit is a parity of the last K input bits; the Viterbi decoder finds the most likely path through a 2^(K-1)-state trellis.
›
Reed-Solomon codes
signal-processing · low: Byte-oriented MDS code: n-k parity symbols correct (n-k)/2 unknown symbol errors or n-k known erasures; the workhorse for bursts, QR codes, discs and storage.
›
Hierarchical timing wheel
systems · low: Timers bucketed by expiry into wheels of slots, coarser wheels for far deadlines: O(1) insert and cancel for millions of timeouts.
›
Publish subscribe event bus
systems · low: In-process or on-box topic bus decoupling producers and consumers with bounded queues
+ 17 more primitives
System
Techniques · 5
Primitives · 33
satellite-flight-softwa…
Fault detection isolation recovery
embedded · medium: Monitor/response tables, fault isolation and safe-mode recovery hierarchies for autonomous systems
Orbit propagation
numerics · medium: Propagate satellite orbits (Kepler, SGP4, numerical with perturbations) and frame transforms
Attitude determination
robotics · medium: Estimate orientation from vector observations (TRIAD, QUEST/Wahba) and gyros
Ldpc codes
signal-processing · medium: Low-density parity-check codes with soft-decision min-sum decoding, used in NAND flash
Spherical harmonic transform
numerics · medium: Fast spherical harmonic transforms via FFT in longitude and Legendre in latitude
Redundancy voting
embedded · low: N-modular redundancy and MooN voting (2oo3, TMR) with discrepancy detection
Watchdog timer
embedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.
›
Hierarchical state machine
systems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.
›
Rigid-body transforms (SE(3) poses)
robotics · low: Represent, compose, invert, integrate and interpolate 3D poses as unit quaternion plus translation, with exp/log maps for small motions and uncertainty.
›
Extended Kalman filter
robotics · low: Kalman filter for nonlinear motion and measurement models: linearize f and h with Jacobians at the current estimate each step. The default estimator in robot navigation.
›
Edac memory scrubbing
embedded · low: ECC/EDAC memory with periodic scrubbing to correct radiation-induced bit flips
Preemptive priority scheduling
embedded · low: Always run the highest-priority ready task, switching the instant a higher one becomes ready; selection is O(1) with one FIFO per priority and a bitmap.
›
CRC32C checksums
hardware-os · low: The Castagnoli CRC-32 with dedicated instructions on x86 (SSE4.2) and ARMv8. It is the standard fast integrity check for storage blocks, logs and network frames.
›
Ccsds space packets
networking · low: CCSDS space packet and transfer frame protocols: APIDs, sync markers, virtual channels
Runge-Kutta 4
numerics · low: The classic four-stage, fourth-order ODE step; error drops 16× when the step halves, with no derivatives or past steps needed.
›
PID controller
robotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.
›
Message authentication codes (HMAC,…
security · low: A keyed short tag proving a message is unmodified and came from a key holder; pick HMAC, CMAC, KMAC or a one-time polynomial MAC by what primitive you already have.
›
Convolutional codes and the Viterbi…
signal-processing · low: Streaming error-correcting code: each output bit is a parity of the last K input bits; the Viterbi decoder finds the most likely path through a 2^(K-1)-state trellis.
›
Reed-Solomon codes
signal-processing · low: Byte-oriented MDS code: n-k parity symbols correct (n-k)/2 unknown symbol errors or n-k known erasures; the workhorse for bursts, QR codes, discs and storage.
›
Hierarchical timing wheel
systems · low: Timers bucketed by expiry into wheels of slots, coarser wheels for far deadlines: O(1) insert and cancel for millions of timeouts.
›
Publish subscribe event bus
systems · low: In-process or on-box topic bus decoupling producers and consumers with bounded queues
Adaptive Runge-Kutta (Dormand-Princ…
numerics · low: An embedded 5(4) Runge-Kutta pair estimates each step's error for free and resizes the step to meet a tolerance; the default non-stiff solver.
›
Calendar date arithmetic
systems · low: Civil dates, time zones (tzdb), DST gaps, month-end anchoring and duration math
Quaternion rotations
geometry · low: Unit quaternions as 3D rotations: 4 floats, cheap composition, no gimbal lock, plus the conversions, interpolation choices and numerical care needed in practice.
›
PCA and SVD
machine-learning · low: Find orthogonal directions of maximum variance by an SVD of the centred data; randomized SVD gets the top k components in a few passes.
›
SIMD programming
hardware-os · low: Process 4-16 lanes per instruction with AVX2, AVX-512 or NEON via Rust std::arch, with runtime dispatch and a portable fallback.
›
Sparse matrices (CSR)
numerics · low: Compressed sparse row stores only nonzeros as row pointers, column indices and values; SpMV streams them once, so it is memory-bandwidth bound.
›
Qam soft demapping
signal-processing · low: PSK/QAM constellation mapping and max-log LLR soft demapping for decoders
Fast Fourier transform
numerics · low: Computes the DFT in O(n log n) by recursively splitting into even and odd halves; the basis of fast convolution and spectral methods.
›
Gaussian quadrature
numerics · low: Approximate an integral by a weighted sum of n function values at roots of orthogonal polynomials; exact for polynomials up to degree 2n-1.
›
Spherical grids
numerics · low: Lat-lon, cubed-sphere and icosahedral grids for global models; pole and area issues
Homogeneous transforms
geometry · low: 4x4 affine and projective matrices, homogeneous coordinates, view and projection, normal matrices
Explicit Euler
numerics · low: Step an ODE forward by its current slope, y += h·f(t, y); first-order, one evaluation per step, the baseline every other integrator is measured against.
›
Finite differences
numerics · low: Replace derivatives with weighted differences of grid values; simple stencils plus a stability condition (CFL) turn PDEs like heat, advection and waves into array loops.
›
LU and Cholesky factorization
numerics · low: Factor A = PLU (any square matrix, partial pivoting) or A = LLᵀ (SPD) once in O(n³), then solve each right-hand side in O(n²).
›
Thomas tridiagonal solver
numerics · low: O(n) tridiagonal linear solve used in implicit finite-difference and spline schemes
Kalman filter
robotics · low: Optimal recursive estimator for a linear system with Gaussian noise: fuses a motion model with noisy measurements into a state estimate plus its covariance.
›
Slab allocator
systems · low: Pre-carve pages into equal-size slots per size class with an in-place free list: O(1) alloc and free, no external fragmentation, cache-warm reuse.
›
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