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avionics

integrated modular avionics

Airbus IMA, Honeywell Primus Epic and FMS, Garmin G3000

SystemTechniques · 23Primitives · 67 avionics Fault detection isolation recoveryembedded · medium: Monitor/response tables, fault isolation and safe-mode recovery hierarchies for autonomous systemsFault tree analysisembedded · medium: Write the unwanted top event as AND/OR logic over component failures, reduce it to minimal cut sets, then compute its probability and each failure's share.›Model checking and formal proofembedded · medium: Exhaustively explore a model's reachable states (or prove its invariants with a solver or proof assistant) to find rule violations with a shortest counterexample trace.›Hot-standby redundancyembedded · medium: A second, always-current controller shadows the primary and takes over within a few cycles of silence; epochs stop the old primary from fighting back.›Safety-critical coding standardsembedded · medium: Which rule sets (MISRA C, CERT C, JPL Power of Ten, Rust lint subsets) apply when software must not fail, what they forbid, and how to enforce them in CI.›Safety monitor architectureembedded · medium: Independent doer/checker safety monitor that forces a safe state when the main channel misbehavesLeg based path constructiongeometry · medium: Build the lateral flight path from route legs (TF, CF, RF, fly-by turns, holds) as geodesic segments and tangent arcsRedundancy votingembedded · low: N-modular redundancy and MooN voting (2oo3, TMR) with discrepancy detectionWatchdog timerembedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.›Code coverage instrumentationcompilers · low: Insert counters into compiled code to record which blocks, edges or lines ran; a spanning tree of the control-flow graph cuts the counters needed.›End to end protection e2eembedded · low: Per-message counter, ID and CRC over a black channel to detect loss, repetition, corruption, delayExtended Kalman filterrobotics · low: Kalman filter for nonlinear motion and measurement models: linearize f and h with Jacobians at the current estimate each step. The default estimator in robot navigation.›Preemptive priority schedulingembedded · low: Always run the highest-priority ready task, switching the instant a higher one becomes ready; selection is O(1) with one FIFO per priority and a bitmap.›Time triggered schedulingembedded · low: Static cyclic schedules where every task and message has a precomputed time slotGeodesic distance (haversine, Vince…geometry · low: Shortest-path distance between two lat/lon points on the Earth: haversine on a sphere (about 0.5% error), Vincenty or Karney on the WGS84 ellipsoid (sub-millimetre).›Context switchinghardware-os · low: Handing a core to another task by saving and loading registers, stack and address space; the hidden cache and TLB cost outweighs the direct one.›Interrupt handlinghardware-os · low: How a device signal reaches a CPU handler through an interrupt controller and vector table, and how top/bottom halves, polling switch-over and coalescing keep load bounded.›Virtual memory and the TLBhardware-os · low: How page tables and TLBs translate every address, what TLB reach means, and when 2 MiB or 1 GiB huge pages pay off on Linux.›Runge-Kutta 4numerics · low: The classic four-stage, fourth-order ODE step; error drops 16× when the step halves, with no derivatives or past steps needed.›Pure pursuit path trackingrobotics · low: Geometric path following by steering to a look-ahead point (pure pursuit, L1, Stanley)Token bucketsystems · low: A bucket of up to b tokens refilled at rate r; requests spend tokens, enforcing an average rate while allowing bursts of b.›Hierarchical state machinesystems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.›BFS and DFSgraphs · low: The two basic graph traversals; BFS gives hop distances and levels, DFS gives discovery/finish order for cycles, components and topological order.›+ 16 more techniques+ 51 more primitives

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