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grid-ems

power grid SCADA / EMS

grid operators

SystemTechniques · 18Primitives · 36 grid-ems Wls state estimationcontrol · medium: Weighted-least-squares grid state estimation with bad-data detectionClock synchronizationdistributed · medium: Estimate a clock's offset from four timestamps, filter out queueing noise, and steer the clock smoothly; NTP gets about a millisecond, PTP with hardware timestamps under a microsecond.›Ac power flowembedded · medium: Newton-Raphson AC power flow on the sparse bus admittance matrix to get voltages and line flowsAlarm managementembedded · medium: Turn raw process limits into a few actionable operator alarms with delay, deadband, acknowledge and shelving states, plus flood measurement.›Automatic generation controlembedded · medium: Load-frequency control: area control error integrated and dispatched to generatorsContingency analysisembedded · medium: N-1 screening: simulate outages with fast DC/AC approximations and flag violationsHot-standby redundancyembedded · medium: A second, always-current controller shadows the primary and takes over within a few cycles of silence; epochs stop the old primary from fighting back.›Newton root findingnumerics · low: Linearize at the guess and jump to the tangent root; quadratic convergence near a simple root, made robust by brackets (1D) or line search.›Sparse matrices (CSR)numerics · low: Compressed sparse row stores only nonzeros as row pointers, column indices and values; SpMV streams them once, so it is memory-bandwidth bound.›Swinging door compressioncompression · low: Deadband and swinging-door trending compression for process historiansDnp3 protocolembedded · low: DNP3 outstation/master protocol: event buffers, unsolicited reporting, time-stamped dataSynchrophasor estimationembedded · low: GPS-timed DFT phasor, frequency and ROCOF estimation in PMUsLU and Cholesky factorizationnumerics · low: Factor A = PLU (any square matrix, partial pivoting) or A = LLᵀ (SPD) once in O(n³), then solve each right-hand side in O(n²).›Robust statisticsstatistics · low: Location and scale estimates (median, MAD, trimmed mean, Huber M-estimator) that stay correct when a minority of the data is garbage.›PID controllerrobotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.›Phase-locked loop (digital)signal-processing · low: Feedback loop that locks a local oscillator to the phase and frequency of an input tone; the core of carrier recovery, clock recovery and GNSS tracking.›Debouncing throttlingsystems · low: Coalescing rapid events: debounce (wait for quiet), throttle (max rate), and cancelling stale in-flight requestsHierarchical state machinesystems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.›Droop controlembedded · low: Frequency/voltage droop: proportional power response that lets inverters share load without communicationFixed-rate control loopembedded · low: Run a controller at an exact period using absolute deadlines and a fixed dt, so jitter never accumulates and the math stays valid.›Watchdog timerembedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.›Data diode unidirectional transferembedded · low: One-way network transfer with FEC and no back channel between safety and IT zonesDeep packet inspectionnetworking · low: Classify flows by payload/SNI/protocol signatures for application-aware policy+ 11 more techniques+ 20 more primitives

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In-house systems

Named systems of this kind at large companies, with their paper or write-up.

GridOSGE Vernova