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Embedded and IoT
plc-scada
industrial PLC and SCADA
Siemens S7
System
Techniques · 7
Primitives · 28
plc-scada
Clock synchronization
distributed · medium: Estimate a clock's offset from four timestamps, filter out queueing noise, and steer the clock smoothly; NTP gets about a millisecond, PTP with hardware timestamps under a microsecond.
›
Alarm management
embedded · medium: Turn raw process limits into a few actionable operator alarms with delay, deadband, acknowledge and shelving states, plus flood measurement.
›
Hot-standby redundancy
embedded · medium: A second, always-current controller shadows the primary and takes over within a few cycles of silence; epochs stop the old primary from fighting back.
›
Industrial network segmentation
embedded · medium: Zones and conduits (IEC 62443/Purdue) with firewalls and protocol allow-lists for OT
Plc scan cycle
embedded · medium: Cyclic read-inputs, execute-logic, write-outputs execution with IEC 61131-3 programs
Primary-backup replication
distributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.
›
Packet classification
networking · medium: Multi-field rule matching (tuple space search, decision trees) and flow caches
PID controller
robotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.
›
Hierarchical state machine
systems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.
›
Watchdog timer
embedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.
›
Fixed-rate control loop
embedded · low: Run a controller at an exact period using absolute deadlines and a fixed dt, so jitter never accumulates and the math stays valid.
›
Real time fieldbus
embedded · low: Deterministic cyclic fieldbuses (EtherCAT, PROFINET IRT): on-the-fly frames, distributed clocks
Swinging door compression
compression · low: Deadband and swinging-door trending compression for process historians
Modbus protocol
embedded · low: Modbus RTU/TCP registers and function codes with polling and CRC
Opc ua
embedded · low: OPC UA industrial protocol: address space, subscriptions and monitored items, security modes
X509 certificates
security · low: Certificate chains, path validation, SANs, revocation and short-lived issuance
Phase-locked loop (digital)
signal-processing · low: Feedback loop that locks a local oscillator to the phase and frequency of an input tone; the core of carrier recovery, clock recovery and GNSS tracking.
›
Robust statistics
statistics · low: Location and scale estimates (median, MAD, trimmed mean, Huber M-estimator) that stay correct when a minority of the data is garbage.
›
Debouncing throttling
systems · low: Coalescing rapid events: debounce (wait for quiet), throttle (max rate), and cancelling stale in-flight requests
Data diode unidirectional transfer
embedded · low: One-way network transfer with FEC and no back channel between safety and IT zones
Deep packet inspection
networking · low: Classify flows by payload/SNI/protocol signatures for application-aware policy
Leases
distributed · low: A lock that expires on its own: bounded-time ownership that survives crashes and partitions, given bounded clock drift and fencing tokens on writes.
›
Write-ahead log
storage · low: Append each change to a checksummed sequential log and fsync it before touching data pages; the basis of crash durability in nearly every database.
›
+ 12 more primitives
System
Techniques · 7
Primitives · 28
plc-scada
Clock synchronization
distributed · medium: Estimate a clock's offset from four timestamps, filter out queueing noise, and steer the clock smoothly; NTP gets about a millisecond, PTP with hardware timestamps under a microsecond.
›
Alarm management
embedded · medium: Turn raw process limits into a few actionable operator alarms with delay, deadband, acknowledge and shelving states, plus flood measurement.
›
Hot-standby redundancy
embedded · medium: A second, always-current controller shadows the primary and takes over within a few cycles of silence; epochs stop the old primary from fighting back.
›
Industrial network segmentation
embedded · medium: Zones and conduits (IEC 62443/Purdue) with firewalls and protocol allow-lists for OT
Plc scan cycle
embedded · medium: Cyclic read-inputs, execute-logic, write-outputs execution with IEC 61131-3 programs
Primary-backup replication
distributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.
›
Packet classification
networking · medium: Multi-field rule matching (tuple space search, decision trees) and flow caches
PID controller
robotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.
›
Hierarchical state machine
systems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.
›
Watchdog timer
embedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.
›
Fixed-rate control loop
embedded · low: Run a controller at an exact period using absolute deadlines and a fixed dt, so jitter never accumulates and the math stays valid.
›
Real time fieldbus
embedded · low: Deterministic cyclic fieldbuses (EtherCAT, PROFINET IRT): on-the-fly frames, distributed clocks
Swinging door compression
compression · low: Deadband and swinging-door trending compression for process historians
Modbus protocol
embedded · low: Modbus RTU/TCP registers and function codes with polling and CRC
Opc ua
embedded · low: OPC UA industrial protocol: address space, subscriptions and monitored items, security modes
X509 certificates
security · low: Certificate chains, path validation, SANs, revocation and short-lived issuance
Phase-locked loop (digital)
signal-processing · low: Feedback loop that locks a local oscillator to the phase and frequency of an input tone; the core of carrier recovery, clock recovery and GNSS tracking.
›
Robust statistics
statistics · low: Location and scale estimates (median, MAD, trimmed mean, Huber M-estimator) that stay correct when a minority of the data is garbage.
›
Debouncing throttling
systems · low: Coalescing rapid events: debounce (wait for quiet), throttle (max rate), and cancelling stale in-flight requests
Data diode unidirectional transfer
embedded · low: One-way network transfer with FEC and no back channel between safety and IT zones
Deep packet inspection
networking · low: Classify flows by payload/SNI/protocol signatures for application-aware policy
Leases
distributed · low: A lock that expires on its own: bounded-time ownership that survives crashes and partitions, given bounded clock drift and fencing tokens on writes.
›
Write-ahead log
storage · low: Append each change to a checksummed sequential log and fsync it before touching data pages; the basis of crash durability in nearly every database.
›
Health checking
systems · low: Decide per backend whether to route to it using probes and real-traffic errors, with consecutive-count hysteresis, capped ejection and a panic fallback.
›
Interval tree
data-structures · low: Index of ranges that answers "which intervals overlap this point or range?" in O(log n + k); static sorted-array form is the compact, cache-friendly choice.
›
Swiss table
data-structures · low: Open-addressing hash table that filters 8-16 slots at once with 1-byte hash tags and SIMD, giving fast lookups at 87.5 % load.
›
Packet header parsing
networking · low: Parse graph state machines for Ethernet, IP, TCP and UDP headers in hardware and software
Tcam ternary matching
networking · low: TCAM ternary match tables: priorities, range expansion, power and capacity trade-offs
LRU and CLOCK
systems · low: LRU evicts the least recently used entry via hash map plus linked list; CLOCK approximates it with a reference bit, so hits take no lock.
›
Fencing tokens
distributed · low: A number that grows with every lock grant and is checked by the protected resource, so a paused ex-holder's late write is rejected.
›
Dma transfers
embedded · low: DMA controllers: descriptors, circular buffers, cache coherence for zero-CPU data movement
PWM generation
embedded · low: A timer's counter, period and compare registers draw the pulse train; preload, dead time and DMA make duty changes glitch-free, shoot-through-free and cheap.
›
CRC32C checksums
hardware-os · low: The Castagnoli CRC-32 with dedicated instructions on x86 (SSE4.2) and ARMv8. It is the standard fast integrity check for storage blocks, logs and network frames.
›
fsync, O_DSYNC and O_DIRECT
hardware-os · low: What fsync, fdatasync, O_DSYNC, O_DIRECT and F_FULLFSYNC really guarantee on Linux and macOS, and the exact call sequences for crash-safe files.
›
SIMD programming
hardware-os · low: Process 4-16 lanes per instruction with AVX2, AVX-512 or NEON via Rust std::arch, with runtime dispatch and a portable fallback.
›
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