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sdn

software-defined datacenter network

Andromeda, Open vSwitch

SystemTechniques · 6Primitives · 35 sdn Config distributiondistributed · medium: A control plane pushes versioned resource changes over long-lived streams; each node validates, ACKs or NACKs and keeps its last good copy, so a bad change stops at a canary.›Raftdistributed · medium: Leader-based consensus on a replicated log; one leader per term, majority commit; the default for a strongly consistent replicated state machine.›Packet classificationnetworking · medium: Multi-field rule matching (tuple space search, decision trees) and flow cachesState-machine snapshotsdistributed · medium: Periodically save the state a log has produced at index i so the log prefix can be deleted; recovery and catch-up become load snapshot plus replay suffix.›Watch notificationsdistributed · medium: A store numbers every write; clients list at revision R, then watch from R+1 and receive an ordered change stream with no gap, no duplicate, and a resume point.›MVCCstorage · medium: Keep timestamped versions of each row so readers see a consistent snapshot without blocking writers; the default concurrency control in modern databases.›Consistent hashingdistributed · low: Hash nodes and keys onto a ring; each key belongs to the next node clockwise, so membership changes move only about 1/n of keys.›Connection trackingnetworking · low: Per-flow state table (5-tuple, TCP state, timeouts) for stateful packet handlingEbpf xdpnetworking · low: EBPF programs at the XDP/tc hooks for in-kernel packet processing at line rateEcmpnetworking · low: Equal-cost multipath: hash flows across next hops; resilient hashing on changesFair queuingnetworking · low: Deficit round robin / weighted fair queuing to share capacity among tenants or flowsKernel-bypass networkingnetworking · low: User space (DPDK, AF_XDP) or an in-driver eBPF hook (XDP) handles packets straight from NIC rings, skipping sockets, for 10-40 Mpps per core.›Longest prefix matchnetworking · low: IP prefix lookup structures (DIR-24-8, Poptrie, LC-trie) for routes, ACLs and geo-IPPacket encapsulationnetworking · low: IP-in-IP, GRE, GUE, VXLAN and Geneve tunnelling headers and MTU effectsDelta encodingcompression · low: Store differences between consecutive values instead of the values, turning sorted IDs, timestamps and counters into small numbers that pack into few bits.›Message sequence numbersdistributed · low: A per-stream counter on every message lets the receiver detect loss, duplicates and reordering, ack cheaply and resume after reconnect with "send from N".›Grpc protocolnetworking · low: GRPC framing over HTTP/2: unary and streaming RPCs, deadlines, statusLeasesdistributed · low: A lock that expires on its own: bounded-time ownership that survives crashes and partitions, given bounded clock drift and fencing tokens on writes.›Write-ahead logstorage · low: Append each change to a checksummed sequential log and fsync it before touching data pages; the basis of crash durability in nearly every database.›Exponential backoff with jittersystems · low: Retry after delays that grow geometrically and are randomized, so failed clients spread out instead of hammering a recovering service in synchronized waves.›Interval treedata-structures · low: Index of ranges that answers "which intervals overlap this point or range?" in O(log n + k); static sorted-array form is the compact, cache-friendly choice.›Swiss tabledata-structures · low: Open-addressing hash table that filters 8-16 slots at once with 1-byte hash tags and SIMD, giving fast lookups at 87.5 % load.›+ 19 more primitives

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