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product lifecycle management

Siemens Teamcenter, PTC Windchill, Dassault ENOVIA

SystemTechniques · 15Primitives · 56 plm Durable workflow executiondistributed · medium: Ordinary code made crash-proof by logging every side-effect result and replaying the code from that log; activities run at least once, workflow logic must be deterministic.›Primary-backup replicationdistributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.›Polygon tessellationgeometry · medium: Triangulate polygons with holes (ear clipping, earcut, monotone sweep)Frustum occlusion cullinggraphics · medium: Frustum tests on bounds, hierarchical-Z occlusion and GPU culling passesMesh simplification quadricgraphics · medium: Edge collapse with quadric error metrics to build mesh LODsBill of materials explosionoptimization · medium: MRP netting: explode BOMs level by level with lead-time offsetting into planned ordersConstraint propagation (constraint…optimization · medium: Variables with finite domains, propagators that prune impossible values to a fixpoint, and backtracking search with trail undo between decisions.›Leasesdistributed · low: A lock that expires on its own: bounded-time ownership that survives crashes and partitions, given bounded clock drift and fencing tokens on writes.›Object storagecloud · low: S3-compatible blob storage at cents per GB-month with 11 nines durability; pick by egress price, request price and latency, not by storage price alone.›Authorization models (RBAC, ABAC, R…security · low: How to decide who may do what to which object; roles for coarse rules, relationships for sharing, and checks on every object.›Dual control approvalsecurity · low: Four-eyes / maker-checker approval with quorum policies for sensitive operationsClosure tablestorage · low: Storing trees and hierarchies in relational tables (closure table, materialized path) for fast subtree queriesEntity attribute value schemastorage · low: Schema-flexible EAV / JSON entity storage with typed attribute catalogs and indexesHierarchical state machinesystems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.›Record replaydistributed · low: Record every nondeterministic input (time, randomness, I/O, model and tool outputs, per-tick player input) and re-execute deterministically for debugging, replays and state rebuildEvent sourcingfinance · low: Persist state changes as an append-only stream of immutable events per entity; current state is a fold over them, guarded by expected-version appends.›Hierarchical timing wheelsystems · low: Timers bucketed by expiry into wheels of slots, coarser wheels for far deadlines: O(1) insert and cancel for millions of timeouts.›Write-ahead logstorage · low: Append each change to a checksummed sequential log and fsync it before touching data pages; the basis of crash durability in nearly every database.›Health checkingsystems · low: Decide per backend whether to route to it using probes and real-traffic errors, with consecutive-count hysteresis, capped ejection and a panic fallback.›Exact geometric predicatesgeometry · low: Robust orient and incircle tests with adaptive-precision floats (Shewchuk) or exact arithmeticHalf edge meshgraphics · low: Half-edge mesh connectivity for editable polygon meshesHomogeneous transformsgeometry · low: 4x4 affine and projective matrices, homogeneous coordinates, view and projection, normal matricesImage pyramidsgraphics · low: Gaussian/Laplacian pyramids and tiled multi-resolution images for zoom and blending+ 8 more techniques+ 40 more primitives

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