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legal-research

case-law and statute research: citator graph with treatment classification, editorial headnotes and topic taxonomy, court hierarchy, point-in-time statutes, docket ingest, terms-and-connectors search, grounded AI drafting

Westlaw/CoCounsel, Lexis+ AI, vLex, Bloomberg Law

SystemTechniques · 33Primitives · 88 legal-research Citation groundingagentic-ai · medium: Attaching answer spans to retrieved source passages and verifying each claim is supportedDeterministic simulation testingdistributed · medium: Run the whole system in one thread under a seeded scheduler with simulated network, disk and clock, so every failure replays from its seed.›Primary-backup replicationdistributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.›Transitive closure indexgraphs · medium: Segment/interval labelling of DAGs (commit graphs) for fast reachability queriesEntity linkingmachine-learning · medium: Map each mention to a knowledge-base id, or to NIL, by generating candidates from an alias table, scoring them on prior and context, and thresholding.›Layout analysismachine-learning · medium: Detecting page regions (text blocks, tables, figures) and reading order in documentsLearning to rankmachine-learning · medium: Train a scorer on query-grouped data so that the order it induces maximizes NDCG; LambdaMART (boosted trees with NDCG-weighted pair gradients) is the production default.›Embeddingsmachine-learning · low: A learned table mapping discrete ids to dense vectors: gather forward, sparse scatter-add backward, row-wise optimizers to keep huge tables cheap.›Aho-Corasick multi-pattern matchingsearch-sort · low: Find all occurrences of many fixed patterns in one pass over the text, in time independent of the pattern count, using a trie with failure links.›BM25 rankingsearch-sort · low: The standard lexical relevance score: IDF-weighted term frequency with saturation (k1) and length normalization (b); default in Lucene, Elasticsearch and SQLite FTS5.›Hdr histogramdata-structures · low: Log-linear bucketed histograms with bounded relative error for latency percentilesProcess supervisionhardware-os · low: A parent process starts services, reaps their exits and restarts them under a delay and burst-limit policy, then stops them with SIGTERM before SIGKILL.›PDF text extractionmachine-learning · low: Rebuild words, lines, columns and reading order from the glyph positions a born-digital PDF stores, and route pages without usable text to OCR.›Boolean expression indexingsearch-sort · low: Indexing conjunctive targeting expressions so one event finds all matching ads/subscriptions fastFinite state transducersearch-sort · low: Minimal acyclic FST mapping sorted keys to values; compact term dictionaries with prefix/fuzzy searchHybrid search and rank fusionsearch-sort · low: Merge a keyword (BM25) result list and a vector (ANN) list into one ranking, by ranks (RRF) or by normalized scores (convex combination).›Stemmingsearch-sort · low: Porter/Snowball suffix stripping and lemmatisation for term normalisationMutual TLSsecurity · low: TLS where the client also proves a certificate key, so every connection carries a verified, rotatable machine identity.›Graceful drainingsystems · low: On a termination signal, stop taking new work, finish in-flight work until a deadline, tell clients to reconnect elsewhere, then exit; clients resume from a token.›Text chunkingmachine-learning · low: Cut documents into token-bounded pieces along structure boundaries, keeping offsets and section paths, so each piece embeds well and can be cited.›Fuzzy string matchingsearch-sort · low: Edit distance, Jaro-Winkler and trigram indexes for approximate name and address matchingCooperative schedulingconcurrency · low: Green threads/coroutines yielding at await points on a user-space schedulerRecord replaydistributed · low: Record every nondeterministic input (time, randomness, I/O, model and tool outputs, per-tick player input) and re-execute deterministically for debugging, replays and state rebuild+ 26 more techniques+ 72 more primitives

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