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Communication and media
video-surveillance
camera recording and event detection
Frigate, NVRs
System
Techniques · 6
Primitives · 31
video-surveillance
Multi-object tracking
machine-learning · medium: Turn per-frame detections (camera boxes or radar plots) into persistent IDs by predicting each track, gating, assigning and managing track births and deaths.
›
Object detection
machine-learning · medium: A network turns an image into scored, classified boxes in one pass; anchor-based, anchor-free and set-prediction heads differ in how they assign labels and remove duplicates.
›
Jitter buffer
media · medium: A receiver-side buffer holds packets just long enough, a delay tracked from recent arrivals, to reorder them and hand out media at a steady rate.
›
Dynamic batching
ml-training · medium: Queue independent requests and dispatch them as one batch when it is full or the oldest has waited max_delay; bounded extra latency buys throughput.
›
Assignment problem (Hungarian / Jon…
graphs · medium: Optimal one-to-one matching of rows to columns in O(n³) by growing a matching along shortest augmenting paths over dual potentials.
›
Packet loss concealment
media · medium: Synthesize missing audio frames from prior signal (pitch repetition, neural PLC)
Non-maximum suppression
machine-learning · low: Keep the best-scoring candidate in each neighbourhood and drop the rest; greedy NMS, Soft-NMS and 1-D peak picking share one loop.
›
Kalman filter
robotics · low: Optimal recursive estimator for a linear system with Gaussian noise: fuses a motion model with noisy measurements into a state estimate plus its covariance.
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Convolutional networks
ml-training · low: Layers that slide a small shared kernel over a grid, giving translation equivariance and few parameters; still the most compute-efficient choice for many vision tasks.
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RTP and RTCP
media · low: RTP stamps each media packet with sequence number, media-clock timestamp and source ID; RTCP reports loss, jitter, round trip and clock mapping within a bandwidth cap.
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SPSC ring buffer
data-structures · low: Bounded wait-free queue for exactly one producer and one consumer thread, built from an array and two indices with acquire/release ordering.
›
fsync, O_DSYNC and O_DIRECT
hardware-os · low: What fsync, fdatasync, O_DSYNC, O_DIRECT and F_FULLFSYNC really guarantee on Linux and macOS, and the exact call sequences for crash-safe files.
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Background subtraction
media · low: Running-average/MOG background model to detect motion in video frames
Hardware video acceleration
media · low: GPU/ASIC encode and decode APIs (NVENC, VideoToolbox, VA-API) with zero-copy surfaces
Media containers
media · low: MP4/ISO BMFF, fragmented MP4/CMAF, Matroska and MPEG-TS mux/demux
Weight quantization
ml-training · low: Store weights as 8/4-bit integers with per-group scales; decode is memory-bound, so 4-bit weights give about 3-4x tokens/s and fit 4x larger models.
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Time partitioning
storage · low: Cut a table into fixed-interval time blocks so queries read only overlapping blocks and retention drops a whole block as one metadata change.
›
Data augmentation
machine-learning · low: Generate label-preserving variants of each training example on the fly to enlarge the effective dataset and bake in invariances.
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Loss functions
machine-learning · low: The scalar a model minimizes: cross-entropy for classes and tokens, MSE or Huber for values, each with a stable form and simple gradient.
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A/V sync and media clocks
media · low: How audio and video stay lip-synced: per-stream timebases, PTS/DTS, PCR and RTCP clock mapping, and a master clock that slave streams chase by dropping, repeating or resampling.
›
Exponential smoothing (ETS, Holt-Wi…
statistics · low: Forecast by keeping a few running states (level, trend, seasonal) updated by a fraction of each forecast error; O(1) memory per series and a strong baseline.
›
MPMC bounded queue
concurrency · low: Vyukov's array queue for many producers and consumers: each slot carries a sequence number, so one CAS per operation claims a slot without locks.
›
+ 15 more primitives
System
Techniques · 6
Primitives · 31
video-surveillance
Multi-object tracking
machine-learning · medium: Turn per-frame detections (camera boxes or radar plots) into persistent IDs by predicting each track, gating, assigning and managing track births and deaths.
›
Object detection
machine-learning · medium: A network turns an image into scored, classified boxes in one pass; anchor-based, anchor-free and set-prediction heads differ in how they assign labels and remove duplicates.
›
Jitter buffer
media · medium: A receiver-side buffer holds packets just long enough, a delay tracked from recent arrivals, to reorder them and hand out media at a steady rate.
›
Dynamic batching
ml-training · medium: Queue independent requests and dispatch them as one batch when it is full or the oldest has waited max_delay; bounded extra latency buys throughput.
›
Assignment problem (Hungarian / Jon…
graphs · medium: Optimal one-to-one matching of rows to columns in O(n³) by growing a matching along shortest augmenting paths over dual potentials.
›
Packet loss concealment
media · medium: Synthesize missing audio frames from prior signal (pitch repetition, neural PLC)
Non-maximum suppression
machine-learning · low: Keep the best-scoring candidate in each neighbourhood and drop the rest; greedy NMS, Soft-NMS and 1-D peak picking share one loop.
›
Kalman filter
robotics · low: Optimal recursive estimator for a linear system with Gaussian noise: fuses a motion model with noisy measurements into a state estimate plus its covariance.
›
Convolutional networks
ml-training · low: Layers that slide a small shared kernel over a grid, giving translation equivariance and few parameters; still the most compute-efficient choice for many vision tasks.
›
RTP and RTCP
media · low: RTP stamps each media packet with sequence number, media-clock timestamp and source ID; RTCP reports loss, jitter, round trip and clock mapping within a bandwidth cap.
›
SPSC ring buffer
data-structures · low: Bounded wait-free queue for exactly one producer and one consumer thread, built from an array and two indices with acquire/release ordering.
›
fsync, O_DSYNC and O_DIRECT
hardware-os · low: What fsync, fdatasync, O_DSYNC, O_DIRECT and F_FULLFSYNC really guarantee on Linux and macOS, and the exact call sequences for crash-safe files.
›
Background subtraction
media · low: Running-average/MOG background model to detect motion in video frames
Hardware video acceleration
media · low: GPU/ASIC encode and decode APIs (NVENC, VideoToolbox, VA-API) with zero-copy surfaces
Media containers
media · low: MP4/ISO BMFF, fragmented MP4/CMAF, Matroska and MPEG-TS mux/demux
Weight quantization
ml-training · low: Store weights as 8/4-bit integers with per-group scales; decode is memory-bound, so 4-bit weights give about 3-4x tokens/s and fit 4x larger models.
›
Time partitioning
storage · low: Cut a table into fixed-interval time blocks so queries read only overlapping blocks and retention drops a whole block as one metadata change.
›
Data augmentation
machine-learning · low: Generate label-preserving variants of each training example on the fly to enlarge the effective dataset and bake in invariances.
›
Loss functions
machine-learning · low: The scalar a model minimizes: cross-entropy for classes and tokens, MSE or Huber for values, each with a stable form and simple gradient.
›
A/V sync and media clocks
media · low: How audio and video stay lip-synced: per-stream timebases, PTS/DTS, PCR and RTCP clock mapping, and a master clock that slave streams chase by dropping, repeating or resampling.
›
Exponential smoothing (ETS, Holt-Wi…
statistics · low: Forecast by keeping a few running states (level, trend, seasonal) updated by a fraction of each forecast error; O(1) memory per series and a strong baseline.
›
MPMC bounded queue
concurrency · low: Vyukov's array queue for many producers and consumers: each slot carries a sequence number, so one CAS per operation claims a slot without locks.
›
Backpressure
systems · low: Bound every queue and make a full queue push back on the producer by blocking, dropping, rejecting or withholding credit.
›
Hierarchical timing wheel
systems · low: Timers bucketed by expiry into wheels of slots, coarser wheels for far deadlines: O(1) insert and cancel for millions of timeouts.
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d-ary heap
data-structures · low: Array heap with d children per node (d = 4 typical): half the binary heap's depth, siblings in one cache line, faster priority queues.
›
Dijkstra's algorithm
graphs · low: Single-source shortest paths with non-negative edge weights by settling vertices in order of distance with a priority queue.
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Recurrent networks
machine-learning · low: GRU and LSTM cells for streaming sequence models
Linear predictive coding (LPC)
media · low: Predict each sample from the previous p; code only the small prediction error plus p coefficients. Core of FLAC, speech codecs and the Opus SILK layer.
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False sharing
concurrency · low: Independent variables written by different cores on one cache line force the line to bounce between cores; pad or regroup hot data to fix it.
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Memory ordering
concurrency · low: What Relaxed, Acquire, Release and SeqCst atomics actually guarantee, what they cost on x86 and ARM, and which one each pattern needs.
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CPU caches and the memory hierarchy
hardware-os · low: Sizes, line widths and latencies of L1/L2/L3/DRAM on modern x86 and Apple M-series, and the data-layout rules that follow from them.
›
Low precision number formats
numerics · low: Bf16, fp16, fp8 (E4M3, E5M2), MX block formats and int4: ranges, rounding, scaling
LU and Cholesky factorization
numerics · low: Factor A = PLU (any square matrix, partial pivoting) or A = LLᵀ (SPD) once in O(n³), then solve each right-hand side in O(n²).
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Scalar quantization
search-sort · low: Per-dimension int8/binary quantization of vectors with rescoring
Biquad filters
signal-processing · low: Second-order IIR sections (RBJ cookbook): low/high pass, peaking EQ; stable cascades
IIR and FIR filters
signal-processing · low: Two ways to shape a sampled signal's spectrum: FIR (finite taps, always stable, exact linear phase) or IIR (feedback, a few coefficients, cheap but phase-distorting).
›
Slab allocator
systems · low: Pre-carve pages into equal-size slots per size class with an in-place free list: O(1) alloc and free, no external fragmentation, cache-warm reuse.
›
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