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Agentic AI
tool-marketplace
tool and plugin marketplace
MCP registry
System
Techniques · 28
Primitives · 104
tool-marketplace
Model context protocol
agentic-ai · medium: JSON-RPC protocol exposing tools, resources and prompts from servers to LLM clients, with capability negotiation
Tool retrieval (selecting tools for…
agentic-ai · medium: Index tool descriptions, filter by the caller's permissions, rank against the request and put only the top few definitions in context, in a stable order.
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CDN and edge
cloud · medium: CDNs cache content in hundreds of PoPs near users, cutting latency and egress bills; edge compute runs small code there. Bandwidth price spreads 10x between providers.
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Dependency version resolution
compilers · medium: Pick package versions that satisfy semver constraints (PubGrub, SAT) with readable conflict errors
Deterministic simulation testing
distributed · medium: Run the whole system in one thread under a seeded scheduler with simulated network, disk and clock, so every failure replays from its seed.
›
Primary-backup replication
distributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.
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Usage metering
finance · medium: Counting tokens/requests per user and key, aggregating for quotas and billing with idempotent events
JSON Schema validation
security · low: Compile a JSON Schema once, then check every untrusted document against it, within hard size and depth limits, and report failures as JSON Pointers.
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OAuth 2 and OpenID Connect
security · low: Delegated authorization (OAuth 2) and login on top of it (OIDC); use authorization code + PKCE for every user-facing client.
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Embeddings
machine-learning · low: A learned table mapping discrete ids to dense vectors: gather forward, sparse scatter-add backward, row-wise optimizers to keep huge tables cheap.
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BM25 ranking
search-sort · low: The standard lexical relevance score: IDF-weighted term frequency with saturation (k1) and length normalization (b); default in Lucene, Elasticsearch and SQLite FTS5.
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Semver range matching
compilers · low: Semantic version parsing, ordering and range matching
Software bill of materials
security · low: SBOM generation (SPDX/CycloneDX) and component matching
Agent sandboxing
agentic-ai · unknown:
Hdr histogram
data-structures · low: Log-linear bucketed histograms with bounded relative error for latency percentiles
Process supervision
hardware-os · low: A parent process starts services, reaps their exits and restarts them under a delay and burst-limit policy, then stops them with SIGTERM before SIGKILL.
›
Cursor pagination
networking · low: Keyset/opaque-cursor pagination for stable incremental reads from APIs and tables
Mutual TLS
security · low: TLS where the client also proves a certificate key, so every connection carries a verified, rotatable machine identity.
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Signed URLs
security · low: A URL carrying its expiry and a MAC or signature over method, path and query, so a verifier holding the key needs no lookup.
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Software supply chain security
security · low: Control what code enters your build and prove what comes out: lockfiles, vetted updates, hardened CI, signed artifacts with provenance.
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Bayesian average rating
statistics · low: Score = (C·m + sum of ratings)/(C + n): the posterior mean under a prior worth C ratings, so items with few ratings sit near the global mean.
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Content-addressed storage
storage · low: Store each blob under the hash of its bytes: immutable, deduplicated by construction, self-verifying on every read, and composable into Merkle trees.
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Graceful draining
systems · low: On a termination signal, stop taking new work, finish in-flight work until a deadline, tell clients to reconnect elsewhere, then exit; clients resume from a token.
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+ 21 more techniques
+ 88 more primitives
System
Techniques · 28
Primitives · 104
tool-marketplace
Model context protocol
agentic-ai · medium: JSON-RPC protocol exposing tools, resources and prompts from servers to LLM clients, with capability negotiation
Tool retrieval (selecting tools for…
agentic-ai · medium: Index tool descriptions, filter by the caller's permissions, rank against the request and put only the top few definitions in context, in a stable order.
›
CDN and edge
cloud · medium: CDNs cache content in hundreds of PoPs near users, cutting latency and egress bills; edge compute runs small code there. Bandwidth price spreads 10x between providers.
›
Dependency version resolution
compilers · medium: Pick package versions that satisfy semver constraints (PubGrub, SAT) with readable conflict errors
Deterministic simulation testing
distributed · medium: Run the whole system in one thread under a seeded scheduler with simulated network, disk and clock, so every failure replays from its seed.
›
Primary-backup replication
distributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.
›
Usage metering
finance · medium: Counting tokens/requests per user and key, aggregating for quotas and billing with idempotent events
HNSW
search-sort · medium: Hierarchical Navigable Small World: a layered proximity graph searched greedily from a sparse top layer; the default in-memory approximate nearest-neighbour index.
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Code signing
security · medium: Signing binaries/apps with certificate chains, entitlements, timestamping and notarization
Coverage-guided fuzzing
security · medium: Mutate inputs, run an instrumented target, and keep any input that reaches a new code edge; feedback turns blind guessing into incremental search.
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Reputation scoring
security · medium: Turn per-entity good/bad event counts into a trust score that forgets old evidence, borrows strength from parent groups for new keys, and maps to allow, challenge or block.
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Transparency log
security · medium: A public append-only Merkle tree whose signed heads let anyone verify an entry is present and history was only extended, with log-size proofs.
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Vulnerability advisory matching
security · medium: Matching package versions against advisory databases (OSV, NVD, distro feeds) with ecosystem-specific rules
Point-in-time recovery
storage · medium: Periodic base backups plus a continuously archived change log let you rebuild the state as of any instant, then branch from there.
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Delta debugging
compilers · medium: Ddmin minimization of failing inputs or change sets
Fault injection
distributed · medium: Inject latency, errors, kills and partitions via proxies, netem or hooks
CDCL SAT solving
optimization · medium: Search for a satisfying assignment, learn a new constraint from every dead end, and jump back past irrelevant choices; handles industrial formulas with millions of clauses.
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Egress proxy filtering
security · medium: Forcing sandbox network traffic through a proxy with domain allowlists, TLS SNI checks and request logging
Hardware security module (HSM)
security · medium: A tamper-resistant device or service that generates keys, signs, decrypts and wraps with them internally, and releases a key only as ciphertext.
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Microvm isolation
security · medium: Minimal KVM-based VMs (Firecracker-style) with tiny device model, fast boot and snapshot restore
Process sandboxing
security · medium: Run risky work in a separate, deliberately powerless process and let a small privileged broker do the few things it needs, over a narrow pipe.
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TLS 1.3
security · medium: The standard encrypted, authenticated transport; one round trip, only forward-secret AEAD suites, and little left to misconfigure.
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Witness cosigning
security · medium: Independent witnesses cosign log checkpoints so a log cannot show different views to different clients
ARIES recovery
storage · medium: Three-pass crash recovery (analysis, redo, undo) for steal/no-force buffer pools; repeats history, then rolls back losers with compensation log records.
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Inverted index
storage · medium: Map each term to a sorted, compressed list of the documents containing it; the core of full-text search and other fast set queries.
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Rollup aggregation
storage · medium: Fold raw events into one mergeable partial aggregate per time bucket and dimension key, then merge fine buckets into coarser ones, so long ranges read few rows and stay exact.
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Syscall interception
security · medium: Intercept syscalls via ptrace, seccomp user notify or a user-space kernel
Buffer pool
storage · medium: The database's own page cache (frames, page table, pin counts, dirty bits, replacement) so it, not the OS, controls eviction, write order and I/O.
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JSON Schema validation
security · low: Compile a JSON Schema once, then check every untrusted document against it, within hard size and depth limits, and report failures as JSON Pointers.
›
OAuth 2 and OpenID Connect
security · low: Delegated authorization (OAuth 2) and login on top of it (OIDC); use authorization code + PKCE for every user-facing client.
›
Embeddings
machine-learning · low: A learned table mapping discrete ids to dense vectors: gather forward, sparse scatter-add backward, row-wise optimizers to keep huge tables cheap.
›
BM25 ranking
search-sort · low: The standard lexical relevance score: IDF-weighted term frequency with saturation (k1) and length normalization (b); default in Lucene, Elasticsearch and SQLite FTS5.
›
Semver range matching
compilers · low: Semantic version parsing, ordering and range matching
Software bill of materials
security · low: SBOM generation (SPDX/CycloneDX) and component matching
Agent sandboxing
agentic-ai · unknown:
Hdr histogram
data-structures · low: Log-linear bucketed histograms with bounded relative error for latency percentiles
Process supervision
hardware-os · low: A parent process starts services, reaps their exits and restarts them under a delay and burst-limit policy, then stops them with SIGTERM before SIGKILL.
›
Cursor pagination
networking · low: Keyset/opaque-cursor pagination for stable incremental reads from APIs and tables
Mutual TLS
security · low: TLS where the client also proves a certificate key, so every connection carries a verified, rotatable machine identity.
›
Signed URLs
security · low: A URL carrying its expiry and a MAC or signature over method, path and query, so a verifier holding the key needs no lookup.
›
Software supply chain security
security · low: Control what code enters your build and prove what comes out: lockfiles, vetted updates, hardened CI, signed artifacts with provenance.
›
Bayesian average rating
statistics · low: Score = (C·m + sum of ratings)/(C + n): the posterior mean under a prior worth C ratings, so items with few ratings sit near the global mean.
›
Content-addressed storage
storage · low: Store each blob under the hash of its bytes: immutable, deduplicated by construction, self-verifying on every read, and composable into Merkle trees.
›
Graceful draining
systems · low: On a termination signal, stop taking new work, finish in-flight work until a deadline, tell clients to reconnect elsewhere, then exit; clients resume from a token.
›
Oci image layout
systems · low: OCI manifests, image index, layer tarballs and config, addressed by digest
Json rpc
networking · low: JSON-RPC 2.0 requests, notifications and batching
Server-sent events
networking · low: One long-lived HTTP response carries text events one way; each event may carry an id, so a reconnecting client names its last one and the server resumes.
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Hybrid search and rank fusion
search-sort · low: Merge a keyword (BM25) result list and a vector (ANN) list into one ranking, by ranks (RRF) or by normalized scores (convex combination).
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HTTP caching semantics
networking · low: The rules (RFC 9111) that decide whether a stored response is still fresh, and how a cheap conditional request revalidates it when it is not.
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Topological sort
graphs · low: Order the vertices of a DAG so every edge points forward; the core of build systems, schedulers and dependency resolution, with cycle detection for free.
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Cooperative scheduling
concurrency · low: Green threads/coroutines yielding at await points on a user-space scheduler
Record replay
distributed · low: Record every nondeterministic input (time, randomness, I/O, model and tool outputs, per-tick player input) and re-execute deterministically for debugging, replays and state rebuild
PRNGs (PCG, xoshiro)
numerics · low: Small, fast, statistically strong non-cryptographic generators: PCG32 and xoshiro256**, with seeding, parallel streams and unbiased ranges.
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Leases
distributed · low: A lock that expires on its own: bounded-time ownership that survives crashes and partitions, given bounded clock drift and fencing tokens on writes.
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Write-ahead log
storage · low: Append each change to a checksummed sequential log and fsync it before touching data pages; the basis of crash durability in nearly every database.
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Health checking
systems · low: Decide per backend whether to route to it using probes and real-traffic errors, with consecutive-count hysteresis, capped ejection and a panic fallback.
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Sharded counters
concurrency · low: Split one hot counter into per-core or per-thread cells on separate cache lines; increments stay local and reads sum the cells.
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Event deduplication window
distributed · low: Keep the ids of recently accepted events for a time window and drop repeats; memory stays bounded by rotating time buckets instead of per-entry timers.
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Idempotency keys
finance · low: Client-chosen unique key per logical operation, stored with a request fingerprint and the final response, so retries replay the first result instead of acting twice.
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d-ary heap
data-structures · low: Array heap with d children per node (d = 4 typical): half the binary heap's depth, siblings in one cache line, faster priority queues.
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SIMD programming
hardware-os · low: Process 4-16 lanes per instruction with AVX2, AVX-512 or NEON via Rust std::arch, with runtime dispatch and a portable fallback.
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Scalar quantization
search-sort · low: Per-dimension int8/binary quantization of vectors with rescoring
Cryptographic hashes (SHA-2, BLAKE3)
security · low: Collision-resistant fingerprints of data; SHA-256 for interoperability, BLAKE3 for speed, HMAC/HKDF for keyed uses.
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ECDSA signatures
security · low: The elliptic-curve signature standardised in FIPS 186-5 (P-256) and used by secp256k1 ledgers; 64-byte signatures, but a repeated or biased nonce leaks the private key.
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Trusted timestamping
security · low: RFC 3161 time-stamp tokens: a TSA signs a hash with time, proving data existed then
X509 certificates
security · low: Certificate chains, path validation, SANs, revocation and short-lived issuance
Code coverage instrumentation
compilers · low: Insert counters into compiled code to record which blocks, edges or lines ran; a spanning tree of the control-flow graph cuts the counters needed.
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Fast hash functions
data-structures · low: Non-cryptographic hashes built from 64×64→128-bit multiplies and xor-shifts; pick by key size, trust level and whether the hash is persisted.
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Sanitizers
security · low: ASan/UBSan/TSan shadow memory and instrumentation to catch memory bugs
Time decay scoring
search-sort · low: Scoring items by recency with exponential decay or half-life, combined with relevance
Bayesian rate estimation
statistics · low: Estimate a conversion or event rate from few observations with a Beta-Binomial or Gamma-Poisson update: two counters, an honest interval, and P(B beats A) directly.
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Sliding-window counters
systems · low: Count events in the last W seconds with a ring of sub-bucket counters; the two-bucket weighted estimate gives rate limits in 16 bytes per key.
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Merkle tree
data-structures · low: Hash tree for verifying and diffing large datasets with logarithmic proofs
Segmented log
distributed · low: Split an append-only log into files named by their first offset, write only the newest, and find any record by binary search plus a sparse index.
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Digital signatures (Ed25519)
security · low: Small, fast, deterministic public-key signatures that prove who produced a message; the default for tokens, releases and protocols.
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URL normalization
search-sort · low: Rewrite a URL to one canonical key, in safe RFC 3986 steps plus lossy, site-dependent ones (tracking parameters, query order, fragments), and keep the original beside the key.
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Object storage
cloud · low: S3-compatible blob storage at cents per GB-month with 11 nines durability; pick by egress price, request price and latency, not by storage price alone.
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Copy on write snapshots
storage · low: Point-in-time snapshots by sharing pages/extents and copying only on write
Failure bisection
search-sort · low: Binary search over commits, batches or inputs to isolate a failure
Transparent interception
networking · low: Redirect traffic to a local proxy (iptables TPROXY/REDIRECT, eBPF) without app changes
Drat proof certificates
optimization · low: DRAT and LRAT proofs emitted by SAT solvers and checked independently
Two watched literals
optimization · low: Unit propagation for SAT that watches just two literals per clause, so backtracking costs nothing and long clauses are rarely touched.
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Arena allocator
systems · low: Allocate by bumping a pointer through big chunks and free everything at once: a few instructions per allocation for objects sharing a lifetime.
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DNS message format and client looku…
networking · low: Binary query/response format of DNS (RFC 1035) and how a stub client uses it: record types, name compression, UDP/TCP/EDNS sizes, TTL caching.
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Http connect tunneling
networking · low: HTTP CONNECT tunnels for proxying TLS and arbitrary TCP
Public Suffix List
networking · low: Find the registrable domain (eTLD+1) of a host name by matching the longest rule in a community-maintained list of shared suffixes.
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Glob matching
search-sort · low: Glob/gitignore pattern matching without backtracking blowup
Aes key wrap
security · low: AES Key Wrap (RFC 3394/5649) and AES-GCM-SIV for deterministic, authenticated wrapping of key material
Csprng
security · low: OS-backed cryptographically secure random numbers (getrandom), and when a fast PRNG is not enough
Dual control approval
security · low: Four-eyes / maker-checker approval with quorum policies for sensitive operations
Secure memory zeroization
security · low: Keep secrets in one locked, fixed-size, non-copyable region, erase them with writes the compiler must keep, and exclude them from dumps and swap.
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Cgroups and namespaces
hardware-os · low: Linux namespaces limit what a process can see; cgroup v2 limits and accounts what it may use. Containers, sandboxes and job schedulers are built from the two.
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Hardware virtualization kvm
hardware-os · low: VT-x/AMD-V via KVM: vCPU run loop, VM exits, MMIO emulation
Nested paging ept
hardware-os · low: EPT/NPT two-level address translation for guests
Virtio devices
hardware-os · low: Virtqueue rings for paravirtual block, net and vsock devices
Seccomp bpf
security · low: Syscall filtering with seccomp BPF programs
Overlay filesystem
hardware-os · low: Union mounts (overlayfs) stacking read-only layers under a writable layer
Least privilege and isolation
security · low: Assume every component will be compromised and limit what it can then reach: narrow identities, separate accounts, sandboxed processes.
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AEAD (AES-GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305)
security · low: Authenticated encryption that encrypts and detects tampering in one call; the only kind of symmetric encryption you should use.
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ECDH key exchange (X25519, P-256)
security · low: Each side multiplies the other's public curve point by its own scalar and both get the same point; always validate the peer key and run the result through a KDF.
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HKDF key derivation (extract-and-ex…
security · low: HMAC-based two-step key derivation: extract a uniform pseudorandom key from any secret, then expand it into as many context-bound keys as you need.
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Bit packing and PFOR
compression · low: Store blocks of integers with exactly b bits each and patch rare outliers separately (PFOR); the fastest integer codec family, billions of values per second.
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Delta encoding
compression · low: Store differences between consecutive values instead of the values, turning sorted IDs, timestamps and counters into small numbers that pack into few bits.
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Varint (LEB128)
compression · low: Variable-length integers in 7-bit groups with a continuation bit; small numbers take 1 byte, the wire format of Protobuf, WebAssembly and DWARF.
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Sorted-list intersection
search-sort · low: Intersect sorted id lists by merging, galloping from the short list into the long one, and skipping whole compressed blocks, shortest list first.
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Hash aggregation
storage · low: GROUP BY via hash tables with partitioning and spill to disk
Time partitioning
storage · low: Cut a table into fixed-interval time blocks so queries read only overlapping blocks and retention drops a whole block as one metadata change.
›
Ebpf
hardware-os · low: Verified in-kernel programs on hooks (kprobes, XDP, tc) with maps
Ptrace process control
hardware-os · low: Ptrace: attach, read and write registers and memory, single-step, intercept signals
fsync, O_DSYNC and O_DIRECT
hardware-os · low: What fsync, fdatasync, O_DSYNC, O_DIRECT and F_FULLFSYNC really guarantee on Linux and macOS, and the exact call sequences for crash-safe files.
›
LRU and CLOCK
systems · low: LRU evicts the least recently used entry via hash map plus linked list; CLOCK approximates it with a reference bit, so hits take no lock.
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S3-FIFO
systems · low: Three FIFO queues (small, main, ghost) that evict one-hit wonders quickly and keep reused objects; low miss ratios with no list moves on hits.
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Control-flow graph
compilers · low: Split a linear instruction list into basic blocks and connect them by jumps; the graph every optimizer, SSA builder and dataflow pass walks.
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False sharing
concurrency · low: Independent variables written by different cores on one cache line force the line to bounce between cores; pad or regroup hot data to fix it.
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Memory ordering
concurrency · low: What Relaxed, Acquire, Release and SeqCst atomics actually guarantee, what they cost on x86 and ARM, and which one each pattern needs.
›
Merkle dag
data-structures · low: Content-addressed DAG of hashed nodes (git trees/commits) for dedupe and verifiable history
Fencing tokens
distributed · low: A number that grows with every lock grant and is checked by the protected resource, so a paused ex-holder's late write is rejected.
›
BFS and DFS
graphs · low: The two basic graph traversals; BFS gives hop distances and levels, DFS gives discovery/finish order for cycles, components and topological order.
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Minimum spanning tree
graphs · low: Cheapest set of edges connecting all vertices; Kruskal sorts edges and joins components with union-find, Prim grows one tree, Boruvka merges in parallel rounds.
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Union-find
graphs · low: Disjoint-set forest with union by size and path compression; merges sets and answers same-set queries in effectively constant time.
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Atomic file replacement
hardware-os · low: Write temp file, fsync, rename over target, fsync directory: crash-safe whole-file updates
CPU caches and the memory hierarchy
hardware-os · low: Sizes, line widths and latencies of L1/L2/L3/DRAM on modern x86 and Apple M-series, and the data-layout rules that follow from them.
›
CRC32C checksums
hardware-os · low: The Castagnoli CRC-32 with dedicated instructions on x86 (SSE4.2) and ARMv8. It is the standard fast integrity check for storage blocks, logs and network frames.
›
Text normalization
machine-learning · low: Rewrite messy text into one canonical form for matchers and models, or into spoken words for speech output (and back), keeping a map to the original offsets.
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AdamW
ml-training · low: Adam's per-parameter adaptive steps with weight decay applied directly to the weights; the default optimizer for transformers and LLM pretraining.
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Reverse-mode automatic differentiat…
ml-training · low: Record the forward computation on a tape, then sweep it backwards once to get the gradient of a scalar loss for all inputs.
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Sparse matrices (CSR)
numerics · low: Compressed sparse row stores only nonzeros as row pointers, column indices and values; SpMV streams them once, so it is memory-bandwidth bound.
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Top-k selection
search-sort · low: Keep the k best of n items without sorting all n - bounded min-heap for streams, quickselect for arrays, threshold pruning to skip most items.
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Unicode text tokenization for search
search-sort · low: Turn multilingual text into index terms: segment words (UAX 29 style, CJK bigrams), normalize, case-fold and accent-fold, identically at index and query time.
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Constant time code
security · low: Writing secret-dependent code without branches or memory lookups on secrets; constant-time compare and select
JSON Web Token (JWT)
security · low: A signed, URL-safe token carrying claims; the verifier's job is the checklist (pinned algorithm, key by kid, exp, aud, iss), not the format.
›
Exponential backoff with jitter
systems · low: Retry after delays that grow geometrically and are randomized, so failed clients spread out instead of hammering a recovering service in synchronized waves.
›
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