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tcas

airborne collision avoidance

Honeywell TPA-100B, ACSS T3CAS, Collins TCAS II

SystemTechniques · 16Primitives · 53 tcas Mdp optimized logic tablescontrol · medium: Solve a collision-avoidance MDP offline by value iteration and store the best action per discretised state in a lookup tableAlarm managementembedded · medium: Turn raw process limits into a few actionable operator alarms with delay, deadband, acknowledge and shelving states, plus flood measurement.›Model checking and formal proofembedded · medium: Exhaustively explore a model's reachable states (or prove its invariants with a solver or proof assistant) to find rule violations with a shortest counterexample trace.›Safety-critical coding standardsembedded · medium: Which rule sets (MISRA C, CERT C, JPL Power of Ten, Rust lint subsets) apply when software must not fail, what they forbid, and how to enforce them in CI.›Multi-object trackingmachine-learning · medium: Turn per-frame detections (camera boxes or radar plots) into persistent IDs by predicting each track, gating, assigning and managing track births and deaths.›Conflict detection and resolutionrobotics · medium: Predict trajectories, detect loss of separation and compute resolution maneuvers for aircraft/dronesSensor fusionrobotics · medium: Combining IMU, GNSS, camera, lidar and radar estimates with Kalman-type filters and time alignmentKalman filterrobotics · low: Optimal recursive estimator for a linear system with Gaussian noise: fuses a motion model with noisy measurements into a state estimate plus its covariance.›Fixed-rate control loopembedded · low: Run a controller at an exact period using absolute deadlines and a fixed dt, so jitter never accumulates and the math stays valid.›Memory self test marchembedded · low: March RAM tests, ROM CRCs and CPU self-tests required by safety standardsWatchdog timerembedded · low: A hardware down-counter that resets the chip unless software proves, in time and in a plausible pattern, that it is still healthy.›CRC32C checksumshardware-os · low: The Castagnoli CRC-32 with dedicated instructions on x86 (SSE4.2) and ARMv8. It is the standard fast integrity check for storage blocks, logs and network frames.›Interrupt handlinghardware-os · low: How a device signal reaches a CPU handler through an interrupt controller and vector table, and how top/bottom halves, polling switch-over and coalescing keep load bounded.›Beamformingsignal-processing · low: Phased-array weights that steer radio energy toward a receiver; per-client steering vectorsDebouncing throttlingsystems · low: Coalescing rapid events: debounce (wait for quiet), throttle (max rate), and cancelling stale in-flight requestsHierarchical state machinesystems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.›Swiss tabledata-structures · low: Open-addressing hash table that filters 8-16 slots at once with 1-byte hash tags and SIMD, giving fast lookups at 87.5 % load.›BFS and DFSgraphs · low: The two basic graph traversals; BFS gives hop distances and levels, DFS gives discovery/finish order for cycles, components and topological order.›Binary decision diagramsoptimization · low: A reduced ordered BDD stores a Boolean function as a shared DAG that is unique per variable order, so equivalence is one integer compare and counting is one pass.›Code coverage instrumentationcompilers · low: Insert counters into compiled code to record which blocks, edges or lines ran; a spanning tree of the control-flow graph cuts the counters needed.›Non-maximum suppressionmachine-learning · low: Keep the best-scoring candidate in each neighbourhood and drop the rest; greedy NMS, Soft-NMS and 1-D peak picking share one loop.›Geodesic distance (haversine, Vince…geometry · low: Shortest-path distance between two lat/lon points on the Earth: haversine on a sphere (about 0.5% error), Vincenty or Karney on the WGS84 ellipsoid (sub-millimetre).›R-treegeometry · low: A balanced tree of nested bounding boxes that indexes rectangles and points, answering window and nearest-neighbour queries by pruning whole subtrees.›+ 9 more techniques+ 37 more primitives

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