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private-cloud

on-prem virtualisation/IaaS cluster: hypervisor clusters, HA restart, DRS placement, HCI storage, SDN, management API

VMware VCF/vSphere, Nutanix, OpenStack, Proxmox

SystemTechniques · 19Primitives · 58 private-cloud Crush placementdistributed · medium: CRUSH: deterministic, hierarchy-aware pseudo-random placement of objects on devicesDesired-state reconciliationdistributed · medium: Declare the target in a store; controllers repeatedly diff actual against desired from full state and apply idempotent fixes, so missed events only delay convergence.›Raftdistributed · medium: Leader-based consensus on a replicated log; one leader per term, majority commit; the default for a strongly consistent replicated state machine.›Gpu virtualizationhardware-os · medium: Share GPUs across VMs or containers: SR-IOV, mediated passthrough, time slicing, MIG partitionsMemory live migrationhardware-os · medium: Pre-copy dirty-page iteration and post-copy faulting to move running VMsEvpn vxlan overlaynetworking · medium: BGP EVPN control plane with VXLAN encapsulation, VTEPs, MAC/IP advertisement and multihomingVector bin packingoptimization · medium: Multi-dimensional bin packing heuristics (first fit decreasing, dot product) for placing VMs and jobsLeasesdistributed · low: A lock that expires on its own: bounded-time ownership that survives crashes and partitions, given bounded clock drift and fencing tokens on writes.›Hardware virtualization kvmhardware-os · low: VT-x/AMD-V via KVM: vCPU run loop, VM exits, MMIO emulationDirty page trackinghardware-os · low: Write-protection or PML logs of modified guest/process pagesHealth checkingsystems · low: Decide per backend whether to route to it using probes and real-traffic errors, with consecutive-count hysteresis, capped ejection and a panic fallback.›Copy on write snapshotsstorage · low: Point-in-time snapshots by sharing pages/extents and copying only on writeContent defined chunkingcompression · low: Rolling-hash chunk boundaries (Rabin, FastCDC) for deduplication that survives insertionsFencing tokensdistributed · low: A number that grows with every lock grant and is checked by the protected resource, so a paused ex-holder's late write is rejected.›Phi accrual failure detectordistributed · low: Instead of a fixed heartbeat timeout, output a continuous suspicion level φ from the observed heartbeat interval distribution; adapts to each link's jitter.›Nvme over fabricshardware-os · low: NVMe-oF over TCP/RDMA: remote block access with NVMe queue semanticsVirtio deviceshardware-os · low: Virtqueue rings for paravirtual block, net and vsock devicesVirtual network interfacesnetworking · low: Veth, bridges, tap and macvlan devicesLdap directorysecurity · low: LDAP directory model, bind, search filters and group membership queries for enterprise identityGraceful drainingsystems · low: On a termination signal, stop taking new work, finish in-flight work until a deadline, tell clients to reconnect elsewhere, then exit; clients resume from a token.›Fast hash functionsdata-structures · low: Non-cryptographic hashes built from 64×64→128-bit multiplies and xor-shifts; pick by key size, trust level and whether the hash is persisted.›Rendezvous hashingdistributed · low: Score every node with hash(key, node) and pick the highest: minimal key movement and exact weights without a ring, at O(n) per lookup.›Conditional writesdistributed · low: Put-if-absent / if-match compare-and-swap on objects or keys as a commit primitive+ 12 more techniques+ 42 more primitives

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