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Embedded and IoT
lpwan
low-power wide-area network
LoRaWAN
System
Techniques · 6
Primitives · 28
lpwan
Clock synchronization
distributed · medium: Estimate a clock's offset from four timestamps, filter out queueing noise, and steer the clock smoothly; NTP gets about a millisecond, PTP with hardware timestamps under a microsecond.
›
Link adaptation
signal-processing · medium: Choose modulation and coding from channel quality with outer-loop BLER control
Multilateration tdoa
signal-processing · medium: Locate a transmitter from time differences of arrival at synchronized receivers
Levenberg marquardt
numerics · medium: Damped Gauss-Newton nonlinear least squares for model calibration
Channel estimation
signal-processing · medium: Pilot-based LS/MMSE channel estimation and interpolation across time and frequency
Fft convolution
signal-processing · medium: Overlap-add and uniformly partitioned convolution for long FIR filters and reverb
Low power duty cycling
embedded · low: MCU sleep states, wake sources and radio duty cycling to run years on a battery
CRC32C checksums
hardware-os · low: The Castagnoli CRC-32 with dedicated instructions on x86 (SSE4.2) and ARMv8. It is the standard fast integrity check for storage blocks, logs and network frames.
›
Mqtt protocol
networking · low: MQTT pub/sub: topics, QoS 0/1/2, retained messages, sessions and keepalive
AEAD (AES-GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305)
security · low: Authenticated encryption that encrypts and detects tampering in one call; the only kind of symmetric encryption you should use.
›
HKDF key derivation (extract-and-ex…
security · low: HMAC-based two-step key derivation: extract a uniform pseudorandom key from any secret, then expand it into as many context-bound keys as you need.
›
Message authentication codes (HMAC,…
security · low: A keyed short tag proving a message is unmodified and came from a key holder; pick HMAC, CMAC, KMAC or a one-time polynomial MAC by what primitive you already have.
›
Replay protection window
security · low: A highest-seen counter plus a bitmap of the last W numbers rejects duplicates and stale messages in O(1) with a few hundred bytes of state.
›
Aloha random access
signal-processing · low: Pure/slotted ALOHA random access MAC: collisions, throughput limits, backoff
Chirp spread spectrum
signal-processing · low: Chirp modulation (LoRa): spreading factors, dechirp + FFT demodulation, link budget
Hamming codes
signal-processing · low: Hamming and SECDED block codes for single-error correction in links and memory
Hierarchical timing wheel
systems · low: Timers bucketed by expiry into wheels of slots, coarser wheels for far deadlines: O(1) insert and cancel for millions of timeouts.
›
Token bucket
systems · low: A bucket of up to b tokens refilled at rate r; requests spend tokens, enforcing an average rate while allowing bursts of b.
›
PID controller
robotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.
›
Phase-locked loop (digital)
signal-processing · low: Feedback loop that locks a local oscillator to the phase and frequency of an input tone; the core of carrier recovery, clock recovery and GNSS tracking.
›
Robust statistics
statistics · low: Location and scale estimates (median, MAD, trimmed mean, Huber M-estimator) that stay correct when a minority of the data is garbage.
›
Hybrid arq
signal-processing · low: HARQ with chase/incremental-redundancy soft combining and parallel stop-and-wait processes
+ 12 more primitives
System
Techniques · 6
Primitives · 28
lpwan
Clock synchronization
distributed · medium: Estimate a clock's offset from four timestamps, filter out queueing noise, and steer the clock smoothly; NTP gets about a millisecond, PTP with hardware timestamps under a microsecond.
›
Link adaptation
signal-processing · medium: Choose modulation and coding from channel quality with outer-loop BLER control
Multilateration tdoa
signal-processing · medium: Locate a transmitter from time differences of arrival at synchronized receivers
Levenberg marquardt
numerics · medium: Damped Gauss-Newton nonlinear least squares for model calibration
Channel estimation
signal-processing · medium: Pilot-based LS/MMSE channel estimation and interpolation across time and frequency
Fft convolution
signal-processing · medium: Overlap-add and uniformly partitioned convolution for long FIR filters and reverb
Low power duty cycling
embedded · low: MCU sleep states, wake sources and radio duty cycling to run years on a battery
CRC32C checksums
hardware-os · low: The Castagnoli CRC-32 with dedicated instructions on x86 (SSE4.2) and ARMv8. It is the standard fast integrity check for storage blocks, logs and network frames.
›
Mqtt protocol
networking · low: MQTT pub/sub: topics, QoS 0/1/2, retained messages, sessions and keepalive
AEAD (AES-GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305)
security · low: Authenticated encryption that encrypts and detects tampering in one call; the only kind of symmetric encryption you should use.
›
HKDF key derivation (extract-and-ex…
security · low: HMAC-based two-step key derivation: extract a uniform pseudorandom key from any secret, then expand it into as many context-bound keys as you need.
›
Message authentication codes (HMAC,…
security · low: A keyed short tag proving a message is unmodified and came from a key holder; pick HMAC, CMAC, KMAC or a one-time polynomial MAC by what primitive you already have.
›
Replay protection window
security · low: A highest-seen counter plus a bitmap of the last W numbers rejects duplicates and stale messages in O(1) with a few hundred bytes of state.
›
Aloha random access
signal-processing · low: Pure/slotted ALOHA random access MAC: collisions, throughput limits, backoff
Chirp spread spectrum
signal-processing · low: Chirp modulation (LoRa): spreading factors, dechirp + FFT demodulation, link budget
Hamming codes
signal-processing · low: Hamming and SECDED block codes for single-error correction in links and memory
Hierarchical timing wheel
systems · low: Timers bucketed by expiry into wheels of slots, coarser wheels for far deadlines: O(1) insert and cancel for millions of timeouts.
›
Token bucket
systems · low: A bucket of up to b tokens refilled at rate r; requests spend tokens, enforcing an average rate while allowing bursts of b.
›
PID controller
robotics · low: Drive a measured value to a setpoint with three terms on the error: proportional, integral, derivative. The default feedback loop for motors, heaters, drones and gimbals.
›
Phase-locked loop (digital)
signal-processing · low: Feedback loop that locks a local oscillator to the phase and frequency of an input tone; the core of carrier recovery, clock recovery and GNSS tracking.
›
Robust statistics
statistics · low: Location and scale estimates (median, MAD, trimmed mean, Huber M-estimator) that stay correct when a minority of the data is garbage.
›
Hybrid arq
signal-processing · low: HARQ with chase/incremental-redundancy soft combining and parallel stop-and-wait processes
Exponential smoothing (ETS, Holt-Wi…
statistics · low: Forecast by keeping a few running states (level, trend, seasonal) updated by a fraction of each forecast error; O(1) memory per series and a strong baseline.
›
Finite differences
numerics · low: Replace derivatives with weighted differences of grid values; simple stencils plus a stability condition (CFL) turn PDEs like heat, advection and waves into array loops.
›
LU and Cholesky factorization
numerics · low: Factor A = PLU (any square matrix, partial pivoting) or A = LLᵀ (SPD) once in O(n³), then solve each right-hand side in O(n²).
›
Fast Fourier transform
numerics · low: Computes the DFT in O(n log n) by recursively splitting into even and odd halves; the basis of fast convolution and spectral methods.
›
Spline interpolation
numerics · low: Linear, bilinear/trilinear and cubic spline interpolation on grids and tables
Ofdm modulation
signal-processing · low: OFDM via IFFT/FFT, cyclic prefix, subcarrier mapping and PAPR handling
SIMD programming
hardware-os · low: Process 4-16 lanes per instruction with AVX2, AVX-512 or NEON via Rust std::arch, with runtime dispatch and a portable fallback.
›
Explicit Euler
numerics · low: Step an ODE forward by its current slope, y += h·f(t, y); first-order, one evaluation per step, the baseline every other integrator is measured against.
›
Thomas tridiagonal solver
numerics · low: O(n) tridiagonal linear solve used in implicit finite-difference and spline schemes
Constant time code
security · low: Writing secret-dependent code without branches or memory lookups on secrets; constant-time compare and select
Csprng
security · low: OS-backed cryptographically secure random numbers (getrandom), and when a fast PRNG is not enough
Slab allocator
systems · low: Pre-carve pages into equal-size slots per size class with an in-place free list: O(1) alloc and free, no external fragmentation, cache-warm reuse.
›
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