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iac

infrastructure-as-code engine

Terraform

SystemTechniques · 15Primitives · 53 iac DAG workflow executiondistributed · medium: Run a graph of dependent tasks by releasing each one when its inputs are done, longest chain first, and skip any task whose input hashes are unchanged.›Desired-state reconciliationdistributed · medium: Declare the target in a store; controllers repeatedly diff actual against desired from full state and apply idempotent fixes, so missed events only delay convergence.›Deterministic simulation testingdistributed · medium: Run the whole system in one thread under a seeded scheduler with simulated network, disk and clock, so every failure replays from its seed.›Primary-backup replicationdistributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.›Coverage-guided fuzzingsecurity · medium: Mutate inputs, run an instrumented target, and keep any input that reaches a new code edge; feedback turns blind guessing into incremental search.›Point-in-time recoverystorage · medium: Periodic base backups plus a continuously archived change log let you rebuild the state as of any instant, then branch from there.›Declarative diff plansystems · medium: Diff desired vs actual state into an ordered plan of create/update/delete actionsTopological sortgraphs · low: Order the vertices of a DAG so every edge points forward; the core of build systems, schedulers and dependency resolution, with cycle detection for free.›Exponential backoff with jittersystems · low: Retry after delays that grow geometrically and are randomized, so failed clients spread out instead of hammering a recovering service in synchronized waves.›Leasesdistributed · low: A lock that expires on its own: bounded-time ownership that survives crashes and partitions, given bounded clock drift and fencing tokens on writes.›Idempotency keysfinance · low: Client-chosen unique key per logical operation, stored with a request fingerprint and the final response, so retries replay the first result instead of acting twice.›Grpc protocolnetworking · low: GRPC framing over HTTP/2: unary and streaming RPCs, deadlines, statusRecursive-descent parsingcompilers · low: Hand-written top-down parser with one function per grammar rule; simple, fast, with full control over error messages and recovery.›Hdr histogramdata-structures · low: Log-linear bucketed histograms with bounded relative error for latency percentilesProcess supervisionhardware-os · low: A parent process starts services, reaps their exits and restarts them under a delay and burst-limit policy, then stops them with SIGTERM before SIGKILL.›JSON Schema validationsecurity · low: Compile a JSON Schema once, then check every untrusted document against it, within hard size and depth limits, and report failures as JSON Pointers.›Mutual TLSsecurity · low: TLS where the client also proves a certificate key, so every connection carries a verified, rotatable machine identity.›Secrets managementsecurity · low: Keep keys and passwords out of code and logs, give workloads short-lived identity instead of static keys, and make rotation routine.›Optimistic concurrency controlstorage · low: Run transactions without locks, record what they read, and validate at commit that nothing changed; fastest when conflicts are rare.›Graceful drainingsystems · low: On a termination signal, stop taking new work, finish in-flight work until a deadline, tell clients to reconnect elsewhere, then exit; clients resume from a token.›Content-addressed storagestorage · low: Store each blob under the hash of its bytes: immutable, deduplicated by construction, self-verifying on every read, and composable into Merkle trees.›Conditional writesdistributed · low: Put-if-absent / if-match compare-and-swap on objects or keys as a commit primitiveCooperative schedulingconcurrency · low: Green threads/coroutines yielding at await points on a user-space scheduler+ 8 more techniques+ 37 more primitives

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