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Communication and media
group-voice
low-latency group voice
Discord voice
System
Techniques · 8
Primitives · 27
group-voice
Acoustic echo cancellation
media · medium: Adaptive filter (NLMS/frequency-domain) removing far-end echo from the microphone signal
Jitter buffer
media · medium: A receiver-side buffer holds packets just long enough, a delay tracked from recent arrivals, to reorder them and hand out media at a steady rate.
›
NAT traversal (STUN, ICE, TURN)
media · medium: Learn your public address with STUN, swap candidate addresses over signalling, test pairs with ICE checks, and fall back to a TURN relay if no direct path works.
›
Noise suppression
media · medium: Spectral gain estimation (Wiener/RNN) to remove background noise from speech
Packet loss concealment
media · medium: Synthesize missing audio frames from prior signal (pitch repetition, neural PLC)
Selective forwarding unit
media · medium: A server receives each participant's media once and forwards chosen packets to every other participant, picking the quality layer per receiver without decoding anything.
›
Delay based congestion control
networking · medium: One-way delay gradient estimation for real-time media (GCC, transport-cc)
Realtime audio callback
media · low: Allocation- and lock-free audio thread design with bounded work per buffer
RTP and RTCP
media · low: RTP stamps each media packet with sequence number, media-clock timestamp and source ID; RTCP reports loss, jitter, round trip and clock mapping within a bandwidth cap.
›
Voice activity detection
machine-learning · low: Per-frame speech/non-speech decision with smoothing, from an energy threshold over a tracked noise floor up to small neural nets.
›
Linear predictive coding (LPC)
media · low: Predict each sample from the previous p; code only the small prediction error plus p coefficients. Core of FLAC, speech codecs and the Opus SILK layer.
›
SRTP
media · low: Per-packet encryption, authentication and replay protection for RTP and RTCP that keeps the headers readable, with the packet index derived from the 16-bit sequence number.
›
Consistent hashing
distributed · low: Hash nodes and keys onto a ring; each key belongs to the next node clockwise, so membership changes move only about 1/n of keys.
›
Audio mixing
media · low: Summing many streams with gain, clipping control and per-listener minus-one mixes
Modified dct
numerics · low: MDCT with TDAC windows for transform audio coding
Forward error correction
signal-processing · low: Add redundancy (LDPC, Reed-Solomon, XOR parity) so receivers repair loss without retransmit
Parameter smoothing
media · low: Per-sample ramps of control parameters to avoid zipper noise
Fast Fourier transform
numerics · low: Computes the DFT in O(n log n) by recursively splitting into even and odd halves; the basis of fast convolution and spectral methods.
›
IIR and FIR filters
signal-processing · low: Two ways to shape a sampled signal's spectrum: FIR (finite taps, always stable, exact linear phase) or IIR (feedback, a few coefficients, cheap but phase-distorting).
›
A/V sync and media clocks
media · low: How audio and video stay lip-synced: per-stream timebases, PTS/DTS, PCR and RTCP clock mapping, and a master clock that slave streams chase by dropping, repeating or resampling.
›
Exponential smoothing (ETS, Holt-Wi…
statistics · low: Forecast by keeping a few running states (level, trend, seasonal) updated by a fraction of each forecast error; O(1) memory per series and a strong baseline.
›
Sdp offer answer
media · low: SDP session descriptions and offer/answer negotiation
Network address translation
networking · low: NAT mapping tables, endpoint-independent mapping/filtering, hairpinning and port allocation
+ 1 more techniques
+ 11 more primitives
System
Techniques · 8
Primitives · 27
group-voice
Acoustic echo cancellation
media · medium: Adaptive filter (NLMS/frequency-domain) removing far-end echo from the microphone signal
Jitter buffer
media · medium: A receiver-side buffer holds packets just long enough, a delay tracked from recent arrivals, to reorder them and hand out media at a steady rate.
›
NAT traversal (STUN, ICE, TURN)
media · medium: Learn your public address with STUN, swap candidate addresses over signalling, test pairs with ICE checks, and fall back to a TURN relay if no direct path works.
›
Noise suppression
media · medium: Spectral gain estimation (Wiener/RNN) to remove background noise from speech
Packet loss concealment
media · medium: Synthesize missing audio frames from prior signal (pitch repetition, neural PLC)
Selective forwarding unit
media · medium: A server receives each participant's media once and forwards chosen packets to every other participant, picking the quality layer per receiver without decoding anything.
›
Delay based congestion control
networking · medium: One-way delay gradient estimation for real-time media (GCC, transport-cc)
Simulcast svc
media · medium: Simulcast and scalable video coding layers for per-receiver quality
Realtime audio callback
media · low: Allocation- and lock-free audio thread design with bounded work per buffer
RTP and RTCP
media · low: RTP stamps each media packet with sequence number, media-clock timestamp and source ID; RTCP reports loss, jitter, round trip and clock mapping within a bandwidth cap.
›
Voice activity detection
machine-learning · low: Per-frame speech/non-speech decision with smoothing, from an energy threshold over a tracked noise floor up to small neural nets.
›
Linear predictive coding (LPC)
media · low: Predict each sample from the previous p; code only the small prediction error plus p coefficients. Core of FLAC, speech codecs and the Opus SILK layer.
›
SRTP
media · low: Per-packet encryption, authentication and replay protection for RTP and RTCP that keeps the headers readable, with the packet index derived from the 16-bit sequence number.
›
Consistent hashing
distributed · low: Hash nodes and keys onto a ring; each key belongs to the next node clockwise, so membership changes move only about 1/n of keys.
›
Audio mixing
media · low: Summing many streams with gain, clipping control and per-listener minus-one mixes
Modified dct
numerics · low: MDCT with TDAC windows for transform audio coding
Forward error correction
signal-processing · low: Add redundancy (LDPC, Reed-Solomon, XOR parity) so receivers repair loss without retransmit
Parameter smoothing
media · low: Per-sample ramps of control parameters to avoid zipper noise
Fast Fourier transform
numerics · low: Computes the DFT in O(n log n) by recursively splitting into even and odd halves; the basis of fast convolution and spectral methods.
›
IIR and FIR filters
signal-processing · low: Two ways to shape a sampled signal's spectrum: FIR (finite taps, always stable, exact linear phase) or IIR (feedback, a few coefficients, cheap but phase-distorting).
›
A/V sync and media clocks
media · low: How audio and video stay lip-synced: per-stream timebases, PTS/DTS, PCR and RTCP clock mapping, and a master clock that slave streams chase by dropping, repeating or resampling.
›
Exponential smoothing (ETS, Holt-Wi…
statistics · low: Forecast by keeping a few running states (level, trend, seasonal) updated by a fraction of each forecast error; O(1) memory per series and a strong baseline.
›
Sdp offer answer
media · low: SDP session descriptions and offer/answer negotiation
Network address translation
networking · low: NAT mapping tables, endpoint-independent mapping/filtering, hairpinning and port allocation
Message authentication codes (HMAC,…
security · low: A keyed short tag proving a message is unmodified and came from a key holder; pick HMAC, CMAC, KMAC or a one-time polynomial MAC by what primitive you already have.
›
Exponential backoff with jitter
systems · low: Retry after delays that grow geometrically and are randomized, so failed clients spread out instead of hammering a recovering service in synchronized waves.
›
Recurrent networks
machine-learning · low: GRU and LSTM cells for streaming sequence models
Short-time Fourier transform and sp…
signal-processing · low: Slide a window over a signal and FFT each frame to get a time-frequency picture; the front end of audio ML, vibration and radar analysis.
›
Kalman filter
robotics · low: Optimal recursive estimator for a linear system with Gaussian noise: fuses a motion model with noisy measurements into a state estimate plus its covariance.
›
GOP structure
media · low: How an encoder orders I, P and B frames into groups of pictures: the knob behind seekability, compression, latency and stream switching.
›
Video codecs
media · low: H.264/HEVC/AV1 basics: frames, GOPs, hardware decode/encode APIs and latency settings
Media containers
media · low: MP4/ISO BMFF, fragmented MP4/CMAF, Matroska and MPEG-TS mux/demux
PRNGs (PCG, xoshiro)
numerics · low: Small, fast, statistically strong non-cryptographic generators: PCG32 and xoshiro256**, with seeding, parallel streams and unbiased ranges.
›
Scalar quantization
search-sort · low: Per-dimension int8/binary quantization of vectors with rescoring
Biquad filters
signal-processing · low: Second-order IIR sections (RBJ cookbook): low/high pass, peaking EQ; stable cascades
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