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SystemTechniques · 19Primitives · 76 e-prescription Deterministic simulation testingdistributed · medium: Run the whole system in one thread under a seeded scheduler with simulated network, disk and clock, so every failure replays from its seed.›Primary-backup replicationdistributed · medium: One node orders all writes and ships them to standbys; the acknowledgement rule (none, one, all) sets what a crash loses, and an external arbiter decides who takes over.›Terminology code systemsnetworking · medium: Code systems, value sets and concept maps (SNOMED CT, LOINC, ICD) with subsumption queriesRecord linkagesearch-sort · medium: Probabilistic record matching (Fellegi-Sunter) with blocking for patient or entity indexesCoverage-guided fuzzingsecurity · medium: Mutate inputs, run an instrumented target, and keep any input that reaches a new code edge; feedback turns blind guessing into incremental search.›Hardware security module (HSM)security · medium: A tamper-resistant device or service that generates keys, signs, decrypts and wraps with them internally, and releases a key only as ciphertext.›Mfasecurity · medium: Multi-factor authentication flows: TOTP, push, WebAuthn second factor, recovery codes, step-upWrite-ahead logstorage · low: Append each change to a checksummed sequential log and fsync it before touching data pages; the basis of crash durability in nearly every database.›Fhir resource modelnetworking · low: FHIR resources, references, search parameters and REST interactions for health data exchangeFuzzy string matchingsearch-sort · low: Edit distance, Jaro-Winkler and trigram indexes for approximate name and address matchingDigital signatures (Ed25519)security · low: Small, fast, deterministic public-key signatures that prove who produced a message; the default for tokens, releases and protocols.›X509 certificatessecurity · low: Certificate chains, path validation, SANs, revocation and short-lived issuanceHdr histogramdata-structures · low: Log-linear bucketed histograms with bounded relative error for latency percentilesIdempotency keysfinance · low: Client-chosen unique key per logical operation, stored with a request fingerprint and the final response, so retries replay the first result instead of acting twice.›Process supervisionhardware-os · low: A parent process starts services, reaps their exits and restarts them under a delay and burst-limit policy, then stops them with SIGTERM before SIGKILL.›Authorization models (RBAC, ABAC, R…security · low: How to decide who may do what to which object; roles for coarse rules, relationships for sharing, and checks on every object.›Mutual TLSsecurity · low: TLS where the client also proves a certificate key, so every connection carries a verified, rotatable machine identity.›Exponential backoff with jittersystems · low: Retry after delays that grow geometrically and are randomized, so failed clients spread out instead of hammering a recovering service in synchronized waves.›Graceful drainingsystems · low: On a termination signal, stop taking new work, finish in-flight work until a deadline, tell clients to reconnect elsewhere, then exit; clients resume from a token.›Hierarchical state machinesystems · low: Nest states so a substate inherits its parent's reactions and only overrides what differs, with ordered entry and exit actions along the path.›Cooperative schedulingconcurrency · low: Green threads/coroutines yielding at await points on a user-space schedulerRecord replaydistributed · low: Record every nondeterministic input (time, randomness, I/O, model and tool outputs, per-tick player input) and re-execute deterministically for debugging, replays and state rebuildPRNGs (PCG, xoshiro)numerics · low: Small, fast, statistically strong non-cryptographic generators: PCG32 and xoshiro256**, with seeding, parallel streams and unbiased ranges.›+ 12 more techniques+ 60 more primitives

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