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debugger

debugger

gdb, lldb

SystemTechniques · 4Primitives · 15 debugger Debug info (DWARF)compilers · medium: DWARF stores a tree of typed entries (DIEs), a line-number bytecode, unwind tables and location expressions that map machine state back to source; pick it for ELF/Mach-O debug builds.›Linking and relocationcompilers · medium: The linker merges object files, matches each undefined name to one definition, assigns addresses and patches every recorded reference (relocation); dynamic linking defers part of that to load time.›Stack unwindingcompilers · medium: Frame-pointer, DWARF CFI and compact unwinding of call stacksSymbolicationcompilers · medium: Map addresses to functions and lines via DWARF, PDB and source mapsExecutable formats elf pecompilers · low: ELF, PE and Mach-O: sections, segments, symbol tables, relocations, dynamic loadingCalling conventions abicompilers · low: System V, Windows x64 and AAPCS64 ABIs: argument registers, stack frames, struct passing, FFIBreakpoints watchpointscompilers · low: Software breakpoints (int3 patching), hardware debug registers and single-steppingGdb remote protocolcompilers · low: GDB RSP packets for remote targets: registers, memory, breakpoints, stop repliesRecursive-descent parsingcompilers · low: Hand-written top-down parser with one function per grammar rule; simple, fast, with full control over error messages and recovery.›Record replaydistributed · low: Record every nondeterministic input (time, randomness, I/O, model and tool outputs, per-tick player input) and re-execute deterministically for debugging, replays and state rebuildProcess supervisionhardware-os · low: A parent process starts services, reaps their exits and restarts them under a delay and burst-limit policy, then stops them with SIGTERM before SIGKILL.›Ptrace process controlhardware-os · low: Ptrace: attach, read and write registers and memory, single-step, intercept signalsVarint (LEB128)compression · low: Variable-length integers in 7-bit groups with a continuation bit; small numbers take 1 byte, the wire format of Protobuf, WebAssembly and DWARF.›String interningdata-structures · low: Store each distinct string once and refer to it by idSwiss tabledata-structures · low: Open-addressing hash table that filters 8-16 slots at once with 1-byte hash tags and SIMD, giving fast lookups at 87.5 % load.›mmap and the page cachehardware-os · low: How read() and mmap reach file data through the kernel page cache, what readahead and madvise do, and why databases use their own buffer pool instead.›Source mapscompilers · low: Source map v3: VLQ-encoded mappings from generated to original positionsInterval treedata-structures · low: Index of ranges that answers "which intervals overlap this point or range?" in O(log n + k); static sorted-array form is the compact, cache-friendly choice.›Virtual memory and the TLBhardware-os · low: How page tables and TLBs translate every address, what TLB reach means, and when 2 MiB or 1 GiB huge pages pay off on Linux.›

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